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Les orages géomagnétiques, mesurés au sol.

La météo spatiale perturbe les réseaux électriques, la navigation par satellite, la radio haute fréquence et l’aviation. Les services nationaux ont besoin de mesures au sol du champ géomagnétique et de l’ionosphère pour prévenir les exploitants et confirmer l’effet d’une tempête. Les réseaux de magnétomètres et de récepteurs les fournissent.

Industrie

Gouvernement

Mesures

4

Sources citées

3

1. Administration publique · Surveillance de la météo de l’espace

   A national risk, measured

   Severe space weather sits on national risk registers. Geomagnetic storms drive currents into transformers and pipelines, disturb satellite navigation and timing, and black out high-frequency radio. National services forecast storms from space data, but warnings and confirmation for operators need ground measurements of the field and the ionosphere.

2. Ce qui est mesuré

   The field and the ionosphere

   Magnetometers in non-magnetic huts measure the three components of the geomagnetic field every second at quiet sites far from steel and traffic. Dual-frequency satellite receivers measure ionospheric electron content and scintillation, and at agreed substations sensors measure the induced currents in transformer neutrals during storms.

   Instruments

   Magnetometers · Scintillation receivers · Neutral current sensors

3. Le nœud de base

   Rates of change at the station

   The node timestamps every sample precisely, corrects for hut temperature, computes the rate of change of the field and ionospheric indices each minute, and sends alerts to the service as thresholds are crossed. Every value is signed and kept for the post-storm record.

4. Radio et liaisons

   From quiet sites to the service

   Quiet sites are often remote. Where cellular reaches them, one-second data travel in near real time; the quietest sites send theirs by satellite. Power and backhaul equipment sit away from the magnetometer so their currents do not disturb the measurement.

   Liaisons

   Réseau mobile public · Satellite

5. Comment ça marche

   From a storm to a control room

   A coronal mass ejection arrives. Magnetometers see the field swing, rates of change climb past the warning level, and neutral currents rise at two substations. The service issues a warning, grid control rooms reconfigure, and aviation centres receive ionospheric conditions for their advisories.

6. De la commande à l’exploitation · Commande

   Scope the national risk

   The scope reads the national risk assessment, the grid, navigation and aviation users, existing observatories and the service’s forecasting tools. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns a station plan, the real-time design, user products and a price per station and per year.

   Planifier un déploiement

7. De la commande à l’exploitation · Relevé

   Survey for magnetic quiet

   Crews survey candidate sites with a portable magnetometer for gradients and disturbance from steel, traffic, railways and power lines, check the sky view for receivers and the backhaul, and record the findings with photographs and coordinates. Every finding is kept with the site record for the crews who follow.

8. De la commande à l’exploitation · Autorisations

   Land and quiet zones

   Land agreements include a quiet zone where no steel structures or vehicles may come near the hut. Substation measurements are agreed with grid operators under their access rules. Every agreement is kept with the station record. Approvals are tracked site by site, so nothing waits unseen.

9. De la commande à l’exploitation · Fabrication

   Build non-magnetic huts and kits

   Huts and piers are built from non-magnetic materials; magnetometers, receivers and nodes are tested together, enrolled with their identities and checked in a quiet test site before they ship to the field. Test results travel with the kit to the site.

   Ouvrir le configurateur de stations

10. De la commande à l’exploitation · Installation

    Install and orient

    Crews set the pier, mount the magnetometer and orient it, install the receiver antenna, node, power and backhaul at a distance, and photograph each part. Absolute observations fix the baselines at installation. The site record is updated before the crew leaves.

11. De la commande à l’exploitation · Mise en service

    Commission against an observatory

    Each node proves its identity and its time. Data are compared with the nearest geomagnetic observatory through a quiet period and a storm, receiver indices are compared with international products, and alerts are tested with the service. Results are signed and kept with the site record.

12. De la commande à l’exploitation · Exploitation

    Warn and confirm

    The service sees the field, rates of change and ionospheric indices live. Grid operators receive warnings when rates rise, aviation centres receive ionospheric conditions for advisories, and after a storm everyone receives what it actually did. Reports for owners and funders come from the same record.

13. De la commande à l’exploitation · Maintenance

    Keep baselines and huts quiet

    Absolute observations are repeated on the agreed plan to keep baselines, quiet zones are checked for new steel, software updates roll out in rings, and receivers are checked on visits. Every change is kept with the station record. Spares and procedures travel with the crews.

    Réserver des services sur le terrain

14. Produits de données

    For grids, aviation and forecasters

    Grid and pipeline operators receive rate-of-change warnings; aviation and navigation users receive ionospheric conditions; space weather forecasters and researchers receive one-second magnetometer data; risk owners and regulators receive post-storm reports of what the storm did, each tied to station and time.

    Voir les produits de données

15. Preuves

    Observatory practice, operator duties

    Magnetometers follow the international observatory reference manual, ionospheric products support the aviation space weather manual, and induced current measurements support grid operators’ geomagnetic disturbance assessments. Every sample keeps its time, baseline and calibration, so a storm can be reconstructed afterwards.

    Référentiels

    INTERMAGNET Technical Reference Manual · ICAO Doc 10100 · NERC TPL-007

16. Ce que vous obtenez

    Programmes de réseaux nationaux d’observation

    Construction, exploitation et transfert d’une infrastructure nationale d’observation comme infrastructure publique numérique, avec transfert des compétences et des registres. Fourni sous forme de construction-exploitation-transfert et services professionnels, pour governments, development lenders financing them. Scale: National. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard.

    Parler aux ventes

17. Étape suivante

    Planifier avec nous : surveillance de la météo de l’espace

    Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for space weather monitoring. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace.

    Planifier un déploiementOuvrir le configurateur de stationsOuvrir le Studio

01Le lieu et ses dangers

Où il fonctionne, et ce qui peut mal tourner.

Operating contextSpace weather is on national risk registers. Ground magnetometers measure geomagnetic variations to observatory standards, GNSS receivers measure ionospheric total electron content and scintillation, aviation needs space weather advisories, and grid operators must assess geomagnetic disturbance risk to their transmission systems.

Dangers

• Geomagnetically induced currents in transformers and pipelines
• Degraded satellite navigation and timing
• High-frequency radio blackouts for aviation and emergency services
• Magnetometers disturbed by nearby steel, traffic and power lines
• Storms that arrive with little warning

02Ce qu’il faut mesurer

Quoi, où, à quelle fréquence, et selon quelles règles.

Chaque mesure indique où elle est prise, à quelle fréquence, et la norme ou la réglementation publique qui la fonde. Les numéros de la colonne des sources ouvrent la source citée plus bas.

03La pile d’observation

D’un module de base à un réseau.

Les mêmes briques à chaque échelle : des instruments et un nœud de base, un site avec sa radio, une flotte exploitée comme un tout, et un réseau fédéré sur le protocole ouvert.

1. 01

   Unité de base

   A station: a magnetometer in a non-magnetic hut, a scintillation receiver and a node with precise time.

   Build a station →
2. 02

   Site

   A site: the quiet station far from steel and traffic, solar or mains power and a backhaul link.

   Plan a site →
3. 03

   Parc

   The national network of stations processed as one, with one console at the space weather service.

   Managed offers →
4. 04

   Réseau

   National services exchange magnetometer and ionospheric data with international networks and aviation centres.

   The open protocol →

• 01Magnétomètre (classe observatoire)
• 02Station de référence GNSS (RTK)
• 03Compteur d’énergie et de qualité de l’onde
• 04Passerelle de capteurs et d’instruments
• 05Nœud de périphérie (Wedge)
• 06Modem/routeur cellulaire
• 07Terminal plat LEO
• 08Champ solaire
• 09Abri

Radio et liaisons

Réseau mobile public

Stations send one-second data in near real time over cellular where coverage reaches the quiet site.

Radio et liaisons

Satellite

The quietest sites are remote; they send their data by satellite.

Edge computeThe node timestamps every sample precisely, corrects for hut temperature, computes rates of change and ionospheric indices each minute and sends storm alerts to the service as thresholds are crossed.

PowerSolar and batteries at remote quiet sites, kept away from the magnetometer so their currents do not disturb it; mains with backup where available.

04Comment ça marche

De l’instrument au produit.

Le parcours d’une observation, niveau par niveau, avec l’interface de chaque liaison et une nomenclature en dessous ; puis comment ce nœud devient un site, une flotte et des réseaux fédérés.

05De la commande à l’exploitation

Chaque étape, du premier appel à un site en service.

La même équipe et le même dossier portent le travail, du cadrage à la maintenance.

1. 01 Order

   Scope the national risk

   The scope reads the national risk assessment, the grid, navigation and aviation users, existing observatories and the service’s forecasting tools. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns a station plan, the real-time design, user products and a price per station and per year. 3

2. 02 Survey

   Survey for magnetic quiet

   Crews survey candidate sites with a portable magnetometer for gradients and disturbance from steel, traffic, railways and power lines, check the sky view for receivers and the backhaul, and record the findings with photographs and coordinates. Every finding is kept with the site record for the crews who follow. 1

3. 03 Permits

   Land and quiet zones

   Land agreements include a quiet zone where no steel structures or vehicles may come near the hut. Substation measurements are agreed with grid operators under their access rules. Every agreement is kept with the station record. Approvals are tracked site by site, so nothing waits unseen.

4. 04 Build

   Build non-magnetic huts and kits

   Huts and piers are built from non-magnetic materials; magnetometers, receivers and nodes are tested together, enrolled with their identities and checked in a quiet test site before they ship to the field. Test results travel with the kit to the site.

5. 05 Install

   Install and orient

   Crews set the pier, mount the magnetometer and orient it, install the receiver antenna, node, power and backhaul at a distance, and photograph each part. Absolute observations fix the baselines at installation. The site record is updated before the crew leaves. 1

6. 06 Commission

   Commission against an observatory

   Each node proves its identity and its time. Data are compared with the nearest geomagnetic observatory through a quiet period and a storm, receiver indices are compared with international products, and alerts are tested with the service. Results are signed and kept with the site record. 1

7. 07 Operate

   Warn and confirm

   The service sees the field, rates of change and ionospheric indices live. Grid operators receive warnings when rates rise, aviation centres receive ionospheric conditions for advisories, and after a storm everyone receives what it actually did. Reports for owners and funders come from the same record. 2

8. 08 Maintain

   Keep baselines and huts quiet

   Absolute observations are repeated on the agreed plan to keep baselines, quiet zones are checked for new steel, software updates roll out in rings, and receivers are checked on visits. Every change is kept with the station record. Spares and procedures travel with the crews. 1

06Produits de données et intégration

Ce qu’il fournit, à qui, et dans quels systèmes.

Produits de données

• Geomagnetic rate-of-change warningsGrid and pipeline operators
• Ionospheric conditionsAviation and navigation users
• One-second magnetometer dataSpace weather forecasters and researchers
• Post-storm reportsRisk owners and regulators

Intégration

• Space weather serviceData feed the national service’s forecasting and nowcasting tools.
• International networksMagnetometer data are shared in the international observatory formats.
• Grid operatorsWarnings reach control rooms through their own alarm interfaces.

Exchanged through IAGA-2002, RINEX, OGC SensorThings API.

07Questions des acheteurs

Avant de cadrer votre projet.

How quiet must a site be?

Quiet enough to meet observatory practice, which the survey checks.

Can it measure induced currents?

Yes, at substations where the operator agrees.

Is the time precise enough?

Each sample is timestamped from satellite time with a held reference.

Do you forecast storms?

Forecasting stays with the national service; the network supplies ground truth.

08Ressources

Les sources de cette page.

Normes, réglementations et lignes directrices publiques, citées là où elles s’appliquent. Chacune ne s’applique que dans sa juridiction ou son champ.

1. 1INTERMAGNET Technical Reference ManualINTERMAGNET
2. 2ICAO Doc 10100: Manual on Space Weather Information in Support of International Air NavigationInternational Civil Aviation Organization
3. 3NERC TPL-007: Transmission System Planned Performance for Geomagnetic Disturbance EventsNorth American Electric Reliability Corporation

09Voir aussi

Cas d’usage et solutions.

10Administration publique : domaines spécialisés

Les autres domaines de cette industrie.

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