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Energy: the grid edge observed: the systems behind it.
Nexus Observatory/
Energy/
Systems and technologiesThe technologies that carry this industry’s observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.
Plan with usUse casesReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn
01Compute and edge
Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box
A site package that combines RAN, accelerated compute, storage, power, cooling and backhaul at a tower or remote site.
EN 50600 (data centre facilities and infrastructures) · ETSI EN 300 019 (environmental conditions for telecom equipment) · O-RAN WG6 Cloud Architecture and Deployment Scenarios
Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box
Factory-built enclosures and container data centres shipped and commissioned at site.
ISO 668 (freight container dimensions) · EN 50600
Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box
-48 V DC plants, UPS, batteries and generators sized for load and autonomy.
ETSI EN 300 132-2 (-48 V DC interface) · IEC 62040 (UPS)
Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box
Solar, wind and storage with generator backup for off-grid and weak-grid sites.
IEEE 1547 (DER interconnection) · IEC 62933 (electrical energy storage systems)
Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box
Access control, intrusion detection and video for unattended sites.
EN 50600-2-5 (security systems)
Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box
Early detection and clean-agent suppression suited to small, unattended IT spaces.
NFPA 75 (fire protection of IT equipment) · NFPA 2001 (clean agent systems)
025G and 6G radio access networks
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Fully separate private 5G networks with their own identifiers, core and subscriptions.
3GPP TS 23.501 clause 5.30.2
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Private networks delivered as slices or DNNs of a public network, with closed access groups.
3GPP TS 23.501 clause 5.30.3
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
One shared network that serves several operators’ subscribers in buildings, campuses or rural corridors.
3GPP TS 23.251 (network sharing) · 3GPP TS 23.501 (SNPN with credentials from a separate entity)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Operators sharing radios and sometimes spectrum to cut cost in low-density areas.
3GPP TS 23.251 · 3GPP TS 32.130 (network sharing management)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Layer-2 group services and time-sensitive networking bridging for operational technology.
3GPP TS 23.501 clauses 5.27 and 5.29 · 3GPP TS 22.104
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
CBRS-type tiered access and local licences that let enterprises and communities run their own networks.
FCC 47 CFR Part 96 (CBRS) · ISED non-competitive local licensing framework (3900–3980 MHz)
03Compute and edge
Frontier · Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing
Placing each workload at the device, edge or cloud tier by latency, cost, energy and data rules, and moving it when conditions change.
3GPP TS 23.548 (5GC enhancements for edge computing) · ETSI GS MEC 003
Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing
Compute inside sensors, gateways, vehicles and robots that acts on data with no network round trip.
ISO/IEC 30141 (IoT reference architecture)
Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing
Servers at cell sites, towers and customer premises that host DUs, local breakout and latency-critical apps.
ETSI GS MEC 003 (framework and reference architecture) · O-RAN WG6 Cloud Architecture and Deployment Scenarios
Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing
Aggregation sites and central offices serving a town or district with shared compute and CU/core functions.
ETSI GS MEC 003 · GSMA OPG.02 (Operator Platform telco edge requirements)
Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing
Metro and regional data centres that host heavier AI, storage and core functions for a province or region.
EN 50600 (data centre facilities and infrastructures) · ANSI/TIA-942
Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing
Platform services that let applications register, discover services and receive traffic rules at the edge.
ETSI GS MEC 011 (edge platform application enablement) · 3GPP TS 23.558 (EDGEAPP)
04Ground segment
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Pay-per-pass access to antennas across many sites so missions do not have to build their own.
CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) · CCSDS 911.1-B (SLE return all frames)
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Standard services that deliver frames and accept commands between a ground station and a remote mission centre.
CCSDS 911.1-B (RAF) · CCSDS 911.2-B (RCF) · CCSDS 912.1-B (forward CLTU)
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Booking, deconfliction and configuration of antennas and modems for each contact.
CCSDS cross support service management
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Northern sites that see polar-orbiting satellites on most orbits and cut data latency.
ITU RR Appendix 7 · Rec. ITU-R P.618
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Access control, segmentation, monitoring and recovery for command and control systems.
NIST IR 8401 (satellite ground segment and the Cybersecurity Framework) · ISO/IEC 27001
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Combining owned, partner and agency antennas behind one scheduling and data interface.
CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model)
05Spectrum, timing and PNT
Frontier · Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Many inexpensive receivers at sites forming a continuous spectrum picture.
Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 · ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
Frontier · Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Models that recognise signal types and anomalies in monitoring data.
ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Calibrated receivers and antennas that measure what is actually on air around a site or region.
ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement)
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Statistics of channel use over time that inform planning, sharing and licence applications.
Rec. ITU-R SM.1880
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Multi-sensor techniques that locate interference sources for resolution with the regulator.
ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
A documented process from detection to resolution, using international reporting formats where needed.
ITU RR Art. 15 · ITU RR Appendix 10 (harmful interference report)
06Spectrum, timing and PNT
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Interference, jamming and spoofing detection
Fixed sensors that detect and characterise GNSS interference near critical sites; detection and reporting only.
ICAO Doc 9849 (GNSS Manual) · ITU RR Art. 15
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Interference, jamming and spoofing detection
Signal-level checks, authentication and cross-checks with other sources that flag counterfeit GNSS signals.
Galileo OSNMA SIS ICD · DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Interference, jamming and spoofing detection
Locating jamming sources and passing evidence to the regulator, which holds enforcement authority.
Radiocommunication Act (Canada) · ITU RR Appendix 10
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Interference, jamming and spoofing detection
Watching time error and source agreement so a bad reference is rejected before it spreads.
ITU-T G.8273.2 · IETF RFC 7384
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Interference, jamming and spoofing detection
Multi-element and null-steering antennas that reduce the effect of interference on receivers.
DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Interference, jamming and spoofing detection
Sharing detected disruption with aviation and marine users through the proper authorities.
ICAO Doc 9849 (GNSS Manual)
07Every domain
The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory.
Layers · 8 · items · 61Survey, design, deployment and operation for energy. The form names who receives your details.
Talk to usPlan a deploymentReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn
