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Every technology this platform builds with, layer by layer, from the open taxonomy. Marked in red: what is moving now, each traced to its source.

Areas · 5 Technologies · 197 Industries · 9

01The layered map

Layer by layer, from the open taxonomy.

Each domain this platform draws on, with its layers and the technologies in each. Open a layer for what each technology does and the standard behind it.

GIS, maps and GeoAI

The reference frames, formats, services, analysis methods, machine learning and 3D models that turn observations into located, queryable and decision-ready geographic information.

Reference systems and geodesy

Technologies · 7

• Terrestrial reference frames
• National and regional datums
• Coordinate reference systems and operations
• Dynamic datums and time-dependent coordinates
• Geoid models and vertical datums
• Precise GNSS positioning (RTK, PPP, PPP-RTK)
• Pose and orientation

Vector, raster and array formats

Technologies · 10

• Simple features and geometry models
• GeoJSON
• GeoPackage
• GeoParquet
• Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG)
• Zarr and multidimensional arrays
• netCDF and HDF5
• Coverages
• Point clouds
• Geography Markup Language

Tiling, maps and visual services

Technologies · 7

• Tile matrix sets
• Vector tiles
• PMTiles single-file archives
• Raster map tiles and legacy map services
• Map rendering APIs
• Styles and symbology
• Offline and low-bandwidth maps

APIs, catalogues and discrete global grids

Technologies · 8

• OGC API – Features
• OGC API – Processes
• OGC API – Environmental Data Retrieval (EDR)
• OGC API – Records and Coverages
• SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC)
• Discrete global grid systems (DGGS)
• H3 hexagonal index
• Feature catalogues and data dictionaries

Spatial analysis and siting

Technologies · 10

• Terrain analysis
• Hydrological modelling
• Flood inundation and hazard mapping
• Viewshed and line of sight
• RF propagation and coverage prediction
• Network analysis
• Spatial statistics and interpolation
• Multi-criteria siting (MCDA)
• Geocoding and addressing
• Moving features and trajectories

GeoAI

Technologies · 10 · Frontier · 3

• Semantic segmentation and land cover
• Change detection
• Object detection and counting
• Training data and labels
• Model metadata and model cards
• Accuracy assessment
• Edge inference on imagery
• Geospatial foundation models
• Super-resolution and multi-sensor fusion
• Geospatial agents and natural-language queries

3D, BIM and digital twins

Technologies · 8 · Frontier · 2

• City and site models
• 3D Tiles and scene layers
• BIM and asset information
• Photogrammetry and reality capture
• Indoor and underground models
• Digital twin frameworks
• Sensor-fused live twins
• Geospatial augmented reality

Metadata, quality and publication

Technologies · 5

• Geographic metadata
• Data quality
• Map accessibility
• Licensing of map sources
• Spatial data infrastructures

Remote sensing and Earth observation

Every platform, sensor, processing level and ground-segment step that turns remote measurements of the Earth into calibrated, analysis-ready evidence for a site, a region or a network.

Platforms and orbits

Technologies · 8 · Frontier · 1

• Geostationary imagers and sounders
• Low Earth orbit sun-synchronous missions
• Small satellite constellations
• High-altitude platform stations (HAPS)
• Crewed survey aircraft
• Drones and remotely piloted aircraft
• Tethered aerostats and balloon soundings
• Ground-based remote sensing

Optical, spectral and thermal sensors

Technologies · 8 · Frontier · 1

• Panchromatic and very high resolution optical
• Multispectral imagers
• Hyperspectral imaging spectrometers
• Thermal infrared imagers
• Stereo, tri-stereo and video capture
• Ocean colour and aquatic reflectance
• Low-light and night-time imaging
• Solar-induced fluorescence

Radar, lidar and microwave sensors

Technologies · 10 · Frontier · 1

• Synthetic aperture radar by band (P, L, S, C, X, Ku, Ka)
• Interferometric SAR (InSAR)
• Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR)
• Ocean radar backscatter and scatterometry
• Radar altimetry
• Lidar (airborne, drone and spaceborne)
• Passive microwave radiometry
• GNSS radio occultation
• GNSS reflectometry
• Atmospheric sounders and composition instruments

Processing levels and analysis-ready data

Technologies · 9

• Level 0: raw instrument data
• Level 1: calibrated and geolocated
• Level 2: geophysical variables
• Levels 3 and 4: gridded, composited and modelled
• CEOS analysis-ready data
• Atmospheric, terrain and radiometric terrain correction
• Cloud, shadow and quality masking
• Onboard and ground compression
• Product metadata and lineage

Calibration and validation

Technologies · 8

• Pre-flight and onboard calibration
• Vicarious calibration and test sites
• Inter-calibration of satellite instruments
• Fiducial reference measurements
• SAR calibration targets
• Geometric accuracy and ground control
• Product validation stages
• In situ match-up networks

Tasking, ground segment and access

Technologies · 9 · Frontier · 1

• Tasking, mission planning and revisit analysis
• Orbit and conjunction data
• Ground stations and downlink
• Space link extension and station networking
• Direct broadcast and edge processing
• Optical ground stations
• Ground segment security
• Licensing and remote sensing law
• Disaster activation and rapid mapping

Data cubes, analysis and archives

Technologies · 7

• EO data cubes
• Imagery catalogues
• Time-series analysis
• Essential climate, ocean and biodiversity variables
• Fusion with in situ data and models
• Long-term archive and preservation
• Commercial and open data licensing

Frontier and research

Technologies · 8 · Frontier · 8

• Onboard AI and in-orbit processing
• Optical inter-satellite links and data relay
• High-revisit SAR and high-resolution thermal constellations
• Imaging spectroscopy constellations
• Greenhouse gas point-source detection
• EO foundation models and embeddings
• Quantum and cold-atom gravimetry
• Digital twins of the Earth

AI systems

AI from model to accountable operation: edge inference and model optimisation, foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial work, time-series and sensor AI, multimodal fusion and supervised agentic operations, federated and privacy-preserving learning, physical AI and robotics within stated red lines, MLOps, evaluation and model risk, and the governance frameworks that apply to each.

Edge inference, model serving and optimisation

Technologies · 10 · Frontier · 1

• Embedded and on-device inference
• Edge server inference
• Quantisation
• Distillation, pruning and sparsity
• Compilers and runtimes
• Serving: batching, caching and scheduling
• Parameter-efficient fine-tuning
• Energy-aware inference
• Split and collaborative inference
• Safety-related inference

Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial

Technologies · 9 · Frontier · 3

• EO foundation models
• Training data and labels
• Land cover and change detection
• Hazard and exposure mapping
• SAR interferometry and deformation analysis
• Geospatial embeddings and similarity search
• Super-resolution and gap filling
• AI weather and climate emulators
• Geospatial model metadata

Time-series and sensor AI

Technologies · 8 · Frontier · 1

• Anomaly detection on sensor streams
• Forecasting and nowcasting
• Predictive maintenance
• Sensor quality control and drift correction
• Seismic and acoustic event detection
• Hydrological time series
• Network telemetry analytics
• Virtual and soft sensors

Multimodal fusion and agentic operations

Technologies · 7 · Frontier · 3

• Multisensor fusion
• Geospatial knowledge graphs
• Retrieval and grounding on governed data
• Supervised agentic operations
• Intent-driven operations
• Tool permissions and action limits
• Digital twins of sites and networks

Federated and privacy-preserving learning

Technologies · 7 · Frontier · 1

• Federated learning across sites
• Federated learning in 5G systems
• Differential privacy
• Secure aggregation and multiparty computation
• De-identification
• ML in future networks framework
• Synthetic data

Physical AI and robotics (within red lines)

Technologies · 7 · Frontier · 2

• Drones for site survey and sensor placement
• Inspection robots for sites and facilities
• Collaborative robots
• Functional safety of AI-enabled machines
• Simulation and sim-to-real transfer
• Embodied foundation models
• Red lines: no weapons, targeting or unlawful tracking

MLOps

Technologies · 7

• AI system lifecycle processes
• Data quality management
• Experiment tracking and reproducibility
• Continuous training and deployment to edge fleets
• Drift and performance monitoring
• Model and dataset bills of materials
• Model provenance and signing

Evaluation, model risk and AI governance

Technologies · 10

• Performance evaluation
• Robustness testing
• Bias assessment
• Adversarial testing and red-teaming
• Uncertainty and calibration reporting
• Model risk management
• AI management system
• AI risk management
• AI impact assessment
• Regulatory and policy alignment

02Across the network

The whole spectrum, on the main site.

03On this site

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