المياه: الأنظمة والتقنيات

Water: every catchment gauged: the systems behind it.

Systems and technologies

The systems behind water.

The technologies that carry this industry’s observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.

Plan with us Use cases

Reference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn

01Remote sensing and Earth observation

Processing levels and analysis-ready data.

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

Level 0: raw instrument data

Time-ordered packets as received, with communications artefacts removed.

CCSDS 133.0-B (Space Packet Protocol) · CCSDS 131.0-B (TM synchronisation and channel coding)

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

Level 1: calibrated and geolocated

Radiometric and geometric corrections applied, sensor units and geolocation attached (L1A, L1B, L1C).

NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · ISO 19115-2 (imagery and gridded data metadata)

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

Level 2: geophysical variables

Per-scene surface reflectance, temperature, backscatter, water or gas quantities at native resolution.

CEOS ARD product family specifications

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

Levels 3 and 4: gridded, composited and modelled

Space-time composites on fixed grids, and model or assimilation outputs that fill gaps.

NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · CF Conventions

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

CEOS analysis-ready data

Products pre-processed to threshold and goal requirements so they can be stacked and compared without expert reprocessing.

CEOS ARD framework and product family specifications

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

Atmospheric, terrain and radiometric terrain correction

Removal of atmosphere, illumination and topographic effects so pixels represent the surface.

CEOS ARD Surface Reflectance · CEOS ARD SAR (Normalised Radar Backscatter)

All 9 in this layer

02In situ sensors and instruments

RF, acoustics, cameras and radar.

Frontier · In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Event-based and neuromorphic cameras

Sensors that report changes per pixel at microsecond rates with very low power.

EMVA 1288 (reference for characterisation)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Spectrum monitoring receivers

Measured occupancy, interference and emissions across bands at a site.

ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Direction finding and emitter geolocation

Locating interference and unknown emitters by angle and time difference of arrival.

ITU-R SM.854 (direction finding) · ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Acoustic and noise monitoring

Class 1 sound level meters and microphone arrays for environmental noise and event detection.

IEC 61672-1 (sound level meters) · ISO 1996-2 (environmental noise)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

EO/IR cameras

Visible and thermal cameras characterised for sensitivity, noise and resolution.

EMVA 1288 (camera characterisation) · ISO 12233 (resolution measurement)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

PTZ and networked video systems

Pan-tilt-zoom and fixed cameras for wildfire watch, sites and coastlines, with interoperable control.

IEC 62676 series (video surveillance systems) · ONVIF Profiles S, T and M

All 9 in this layer

03Remote sensing and Earth observation

Tasking, ground segment and access.

Frontier · Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access

Optical ground stations

Laser downlink terminals that relieve radio spectrum limits, with weather-diverse site networks.

CCSDS 141.0-B (optical communications physical layer)

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access

Tasking, mission planning and revisit analysis

Choosing what to acquire and when, modelling revisit, look angle and cloud risk against need.

OGC API – Connected Systems Part 2 (commands and tasking) · OGC Sensor Planning Service 2.0

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access

Orbit and conjunction data

Standard orbit and conjunction messages used to predict passes and coordinate operations.

CCSDS 502.0-B (Orbit Data Messages) · CCSDS 508.0-B (Conjunction Data Message)

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access

Ground stations and downlink

Tracking antennas and modems for S, X and Ka-band downlink in Earth exploration-satellite allocations.

ITU Radio Regulations (EESS allocations, e.g. 8025-8400 MHz, 25.5-27 GHz) · ETSI EN 302 307-1 (DVB-S2) · CCSDS 131.0-B

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access

Space link extension and station networking

Standard services that let a mission use stations operated by others.

CCSDS Space Link Extension (SLE) services

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access

Direct broadcast and edge processing

Receiving and processing satellite data on site for minutes-latency products without a round trip to a central archive.

WMO Direct Broadcast Network (DBNet) · CGMS direct readout guidance

All 9 in this layer

04Ground segment

Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks.

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Shared antenna networks

Pay-per-pass access to antennas across many sites so missions do not have to build their own.

CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) · CCSDS 911.1-B (SLE return all frames)

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Space link extension services

Standard services that deliver frames and accept commands between a ground station and a remote mission centre.

CCSDS 911.1-B (RAF) · CCSDS 911.2-B (RCF) · CCSDS 912.1-B (forward CLTU)

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Pass scheduling and resource management

Booking, deconfliction and configuration of antennas and modems for each contact.

CCSDS cross support service management

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

High-latitude and polar ground sites

Northern sites that see polar-orbiting satellites on most orbits and cut data latency.

ITU RR Appendix 7 · Rec. ITU-R P.618

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Ground segment cybersecurity

Access control, segmentation, monitoring and recovery for command and control systems.

NIST IR 8401 (satellite ground segment and the Cybersecurity Framework) · ISO/IEC 27001

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Federated and hybrid ground networks

Combining owned, partner and agency antennas behind one scheduling and data interface.

CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model)

All 7 in this layer

05Ground segment