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Agriculture: farm decisions on measured ground: the systems behind it. The loop, step by step: 1. Midday heat builds over the dry plots. 2. Sensor, link, edge and console stand ready. 3. The root zone dries below the crop line. 4. Soil probes read falling moisture. 5. Each reading is stamped with time and place. 6. Readings reach the gateway over LoRaWAN. 7. Relays carry the packets without reading them. 8. The edge verifies every signature first. 9. The edge model schedules tonight’s irrigation. 10. Only a confirmed result leaves the edge. 11. The farm manager approves the plan. 12. The alert arrives with its evidence attached. 13. Valves open and the wet front spreads. 14. Instruments confirm the response took effect. 15. The whole chain is archived for audit. 16. Moisture holds and the pumps fall silent.
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Midday heat builds over the dry plots
Nexus Observatory/
Agriculture/
Systems and technologiesThe technologies that carry this industry’s observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.
Plan a deploymentUse casesOpen the explainerAgriculture · Systems and technologies
Agrometeorological stations and soil-moisture profiles, frost and disease alerts, low-power coverage across the farm, crop condition from orbit and drone, and cooperative networks where neighbours share one grid. Needs: soil moisture and evapotranspiration, frost, heat and disease risk, crop condition, water use and coverage across fields.
Platform · Sensors & instruments
Weather and environment stations to WMO practice, RF spectrum sensing in the band, and calibration that is traceable, recorded and repeated. Every value leaves with its metadata, quality flag and provenance. Or buy the observations and leave the hardware to us: Sensing as a Service.
Sensors & instrumentsPlatform · Data & licensing
Research, commercial API, enterprise and government tiers, the licence of every source carried through to every product, routes from licensed to open release, and residency fixed by contract. It is delivered and supported by Nexus Observatory Inc. The evidence travels with the data wherever it goes.
Data & licensingPlatform · Connectivity
Standalone private 5G and O-RAN, AI-RAN on shared accelerated compute, LEO and GEO backhaul and 3GPP direct-to-device, LPWAN and mesh for sensors over kilometres, PTP timing inside the budget, and the spectrum route for each country. Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later.
ConnectivityPlatform · Earth observation & GeoAI
Ground-segment downlink and processing at the edge, drone and imagery campaigns planned to the ground sample distance, site twins measured in 3D, and GeoAI trained and checked against field truth, with the source and licence of every layer in view.
Earth observation & GeoAIPlatform · Field services
Ground, RF and power surveyed before anything is chosen, installation and commissioning to the plan, a Managed Site run for you, support by plan, training on your own site, and decommissioning with every part recorded. Changes are versioned, tested and reversible.
Field servicesPlatform · Digital twins and simulation
The same design repeats from the first site to the last. It runs on the open Observatory Protocol, so other providers can join. Crews, software and records stay the same as the network grows. Changes are versioned, tested and reversible.
Digital twins and simulationPlatform · Space and satellite systems
Spacecraft buses and payload classes, constellations sized to revisit and coverage, non-terrestrial networks and 3GPP direct-to-device, tasking and downlink, and space safety from tracking to conjunction awareness. Every pass, product and link carries its provenance into the grid. The same design repeats from the first site to the last.
Space and satellite systemsHow it scales
A programme starts with one base node and the instruments it reads. A station adds power and radio, a site adds a relay, a fleet repeats the proven site across many places, and a network federates fleets through edge and core. Capacity grows by adding units, never by replacing what works.
Updates
Software and configuration reach the fleet in rings: a canary site first, then a few, then all, each ring gated on health and data completeness. A failed gate stops the wave and returns each node to its last good release, without a site visit.
Field service
The same crew surveys, installs, commissions, calibrates and repairs, working from the site’s own record. Each visit updates it, so the next crew knows exactly what is there, when it was last checked and why it was changed. Spares and references are planned from that history.
What you get
Soil moisture profiles, micro-weather and evapotranspiration with irrigation thresholds per field. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for growers, agribusiness, irrigation districts, crop insurers. Scale: Farm to region. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard.
Talk to salesNext step
Tell us the sites, the measurements and the people who will use them. We reply with a design and a scope for agriculture. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace.
Plan a deploymentOpen the StudioRead the stories01Remote sensing and Earth observation
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Time-ordered packets as received, with communications artefacts removed.
CCSDS 133.0-B (Space Packet Protocol) · CCSDS 131.0-B (TM synchronisation and channel coding)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Radiometric and geometric corrections applied, sensor units and geolocation attached (L1A, L1B, L1C).
NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · ISO 19115-2 (imagery and gridded data metadata)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Per-scene surface reflectance, temperature, backscatter, water or gas quantities at native resolution.
CEOS ARD product family specifications
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Space-time composites on fixed grids, and model or assimilation outputs that fill gaps.
NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · CF Conventions
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Products pre-processed to threshold and goal requirements so they can be stacked and compared without expert reprocessing.
CEOS ARD framework and product family specifications
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Removal of atmosphere, illumination and topographic effects so pixels represent the surface.
CEOS ARD Surface Reflectance · CEOS ARD SAR (Normalised Radar Backscatter)
02Remote sensing and Earth observation
Frontier · Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access
Laser downlink terminals that relieve radio spectrum limits, with weather-diverse site networks.
CCSDS 141.0-B (optical communications physical layer)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access
Choosing what to acquire and when, modelling revisit, look angle and cloud risk against need.
OGC API – Connected Systems Part 2 (commands and tasking) · OGC Sensor Planning Service 2.0
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access
Standard orbit and conjunction messages used to predict passes and coordinate operations.
CCSDS 502.0-B (Orbit Data Messages) · CCSDS 508.0-B (Conjunction Data Message)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access
Tracking antennas and modems for S, X and Ka-band downlink in Earth exploration-satellite allocations.
ITU Radio Regulations (EESS allocations, e.g. 8025-8400 MHz, 25.5-27 GHz) · ETSI EN 302 307-1 (DVB-S2) · CCSDS 131.0-B
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access
Standard services that let a mission use stations operated by others.
CCSDS Space Link Extension (SLE) services
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Tasking, ground segment and access
Receiving and processing satellite data on site for minutes-latency products without a round trip to a central archive.
WMO Direct Broadcast Network (DBNet) · CGMS direct readout guidance
03Ground segment
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Pay-per-pass access to antennas across many sites so missions do not have to build their own.
CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) · CCSDS 911.1-B (SLE return all frames)
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Standard services that deliver frames and accept commands between a ground station and a remote mission centre.
CCSDS 911.1-B (RAF) · CCSDS 911.2-B (RCF) · CCSDS 912.1-B (forward CLTU)
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Booking, deconfliction and configuration of antennas and modems for each contact.
CCSDS cross support service management
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Northern sites that see polar-orbiting satellites on most orbits and cut data latency.
ITU RR Appendix 7 · Rec. ITU-R P.618
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Access control, segmentation, monitoring and recovery for command and control systems.
NIST IR 8401 (satellite ground segment and the Cybersecurity Framework) · ISO/IEC 27001
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Combining owned, partner and agency antennas behind one scheduling and data interface.
CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model)
04Ground segment
Ground segment · Data downlink, processing and distribution
Decommutation, calibration, geolocation and geophysical retrieval that turn raw downlink into usable products.
CEOS Analysis Ready Data framework · ISO 19115-1 (metadata)
Ground segment · Data downlink, processing and distribution
Products corrected and packaged to a common specification so users can analyse them without reprocessing.
CEOS Analysis Ready Data product family specifications
Ground segment · Data downlink, processing and distribution
Searchable catalogues of scenes and products with standard metadata.
SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) specification · OGC API – Records
Ground segment · Data downlink, processing and distribution
Tiled, chunked formats that let users read only the part of a large raster or array they need.
OGC Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF Standard · OGC Zarr Storage Specification
Ground segment · Data downlink, processing and distribution
Ground truth, vicarious calibration and uncertainty reporting behind every product value.
CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation · QA4EO (CEOS quality assurance framework)
Ground segment · Data downlink, processing and distribution
Automated chains from request to delivered product for time-critical uses such as fire and flood.
OGC API – Processes · OGC Sensor Planning Service 2.0
05AI systems
Frontier · AI systems · Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial
Vector representations of places and scenes that make large archives searchable by example.
OGC GeoAI Domain Working Group
Frontier · AI systems · Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial
Generative methods that sharpen or fill imagery, labelled as model output with stated uncertainty.
ISO 19157-1
Frontier · AI systems · Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial
Learned models that emulate numerical weather prediction at much lower compute cost.
WMO Integrated Processing and Prediction System (WIPPS)
AI systems · Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial
Large pretrained models over optical, SAR and multi-temporal imagery, fine-tuned for many downstream tasks.
OGC Training Data Markup Language for AI (TrainingDML-AI) · CEOS Analysis Ready Data framework
AI systems · Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial
Documented, licensed training sets with known label quality and geographic coverage.
OGC TrainingDML-AI · ISO 19157-1 (data quality)
AI systems · Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial
Classification and change maps with accuracy reported against reference data.
ISO 19144-2 (Land Cover Meta Language) · ISO 19157-1
06IoT, LPWAN and mesh
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Low-power wide-area networks
Long-range, low-power star-of-stars networks in licence-exempt bands for sensors over kilometres.
LoRaWAN L2 1.0.4 (TS001-1.0.4) · LoRaWAN Backend Interfaces (TS002)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Low-power wide-area networks
Per-region channel plans, data rates, power limits and duty cycles that a deployment must follow.
LoRaWAN Regional Parameters RP002-1.0.4
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Low-power wide-area networks
Frequency-hopping modulation for dense and satellite links, and relays that extend coverage into shadowed sites.
LoRaWAN Regional Parameters RP002-1.0.2 and later (LR-FHSS data rates) · LoRaWAN Relay specification (TS011)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Low-power wide-area networks
Licensed cellular IoT with deep coverage, mobility (LTE-M) and operator-managed security.
3GPP TS 36.300 (E-UTRA, Rel-13 onward) · GSMA LTE-M and NB-IoT deployment guides
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Low-power wide-area networks
Cellular sleep and extended paging cycles that set battery life for cellular sensors.
3GPP TS 23.682 (MTC architecture) · 3GPP TS 24.301 (NAS)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Low-power wide-area networks
Reduced-capability NR devices for cameras, wearables and industrial sensors on 5G networks.
3GPP TS 38.300 (Rel-17 RedCap, Rel-18 eRedCap)
07Every domain
The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory.
Layers · 8 · items · 61Survey, design, deployment and operation for agriculture. The form names who receives your details.
Talk to usPlan a deploymentReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn
