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Systems and technologiesThe technologies that carry this industry’s observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.
Plan a deploymentUse casesOpen the explainerAt a glance
Standalone private 5G and O-RAN, AI-RAN on shared accelerated compute, LEO and GEO backhaul and 3GPP direct-to-device, LPWAN and mesh for sensors over kilometres, PTP timing inside the budget, and the spectrum route for each country. In oceans, Connectivity serves the work on waves, tides and sea level, water temperature and salinity and coastal water quality.
Tatizo
Wave buoys and tide gauges, profiling floats and coastal water quality, ports and shipping lanes, and satellite links where no cable runs, with every observation carrying its position, time and quality flag. The platforms that serve oceans are sensors and instruments, connectivity and data and licensing.
Components
Interfaces
Where it works
In the story below
Scenes · 13
Next steps
Plan a deploymentOpen the Field Deployment StudioRead the storiesTalk to salesOceans · Systems and technologies
Wave buoys and tide gauges, profiling floats and coastal water quality, ports and shipping lanes, and satellite links where no cable runs, with every observation carrying its position, time and quality flag. The platforms that serve oceans are sensors and instruments, connectivity and data and licensing.
Platform · Connectivity
Standalone private 5G and O-RAN, AI-RAN on shared accelerated compute, LEO and GEO backhaul and 3GPP direct-to-device, LPWAN and mesh for sensors over kilometres, PTP timing inside the budget, and the spectrum route for each country. In oceans, Connectivity serves the work on waves, tides and sea level, water temperature and salinity and coastal water quality.
See ConnectivityPlatform · Data & licensing
Research, commercial API, enterprise and government tiers, the licence of every source carried through to every product, routes from licensed to open release, and residency fixed by contract. In oceans, Data & licensing serves the work on waves, tides and sea level, water temperature and salinity and coastal water quality.
See Data & licensingPlatform · Space and satellite systems
Spacecraft buses and payload classes, constellations sized to revisit and coverage, non-terrestrial networks and 3GPP direct-to-device, tasking and downlink, and space safety from tracking to conjunction awareness. Every pass, product and link carries its provenance into the grid. In oceans, Space and satellite systems serves the work on waves, tides and sea level, water temperature and salinity and coastal water quality.
See Space and satellite systemsPlatform · Sensors & instruments
Weather and environment stations to WMO practice, RF spectrum sensing in the band, and calibration that is traceable, recorded and repeated. Every value leaves with its metadata, quality flag and provenance. Or buy the observations and leave the hardware to us: Sensing as a Service.
See Sensors & instrumentsPlatform · Earth observation & GeoAI
Ground-segment downlink and processing at the edge, drone and imagery campaigns planned to the ground sample distance, site twins measured in 3D, and GeoAI trained and checked against field truth, with the source and licence of every layer in view.
See Earth observation & GeoAIPlatform · Positioning, navigation and timing
GNSS reference stations tied to the geodetic frame, PTP and SyncE time distribution engineered to the budget, grandmasters and holdover that ride through outages, and resilient PNT that finds jamming and spoofing before a timestamp goes wrong. In oceans, Positioning, navigation and timing serves the work on waves, tides and sea level, water temperature and salinity and coastal water quality.
See Positioning, navigation and timingPlatform · Edge compute & AI
A modular edge data centre at the foot of the tower, multi-access edge computing one hop from the radio, inference on the live stream, scientific models run where the data lands, and physical AI for drones and robots, inside published red lines.
See Edge compute & AIField service
For oceans, one crew carries a site from survey to repair: it installs, commissions and calibrates from the site’s own record. The record grows with every visit to a site for oceans, and spares and references are planned from what it shows.
Taarifa mpya
No change reaches a whole fleet for oceans at once: software and configuration go to one canary site first, then to a few, then to all. Each ring for oceans passes only on health and data completeness, and a failed check returns every node to its last good release.
How it scales
A network for oceans grows from one proven unit: a base node, its instruments, then the power and radio that make it a station. A relay turns stations into a site, a fleet repeats the site in many places, and capacity for oceans rises with each unit added, never by replacing what works.
What you get
Road weather, rail condition, port and cold-chain sensing along corridors, with connectivity where coverage ends. For oceans, it goes to transport agencies, rail and port operators and logistics firms as a managed service or a data licence, sized to the sites they run.
Talk to salesNext step
Tell us the platforms you already run in oceans and what the new sites must connect to. An engineer replies with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for oceans, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need.
Plan a deploymentOpen the Field Deployment StudioRead the storiesMore presentations
Each opens as a full-screen presentation: deeper pages on the same subject, explainers, stories, guided tours of the places, network scenes and the observatories that came before.
All presentations01Remote sensing and Earth observation
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Time-ordered packets as received, with communications artefacts removed.
CCSDS 133.0-B (Space Packet Protocol) · CCSDS 131.0-B (TM synchronisation and channel coding)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Radiometric and geometric corrections applied, sensor units and geolocation attached (L1A, L1B, L1C).
NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · ISO 19115-2 (imagery and gridded data metadata)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Per-scene surface reflectance, temperature, backscatter, water or gas quantities at native resolution.
CEOS ARD product family specifications
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Space-time composites on fixed grids, and model or assimilation outputs that fill gaps.
NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · CF Conventions
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Products pre-processed to threshold and goal requirements so they can be stacked and compared without expert reprocessing.
CEOS ARD framework and product family specifications
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data
Removal of atmosphere, illumination and topographic effects so pixels represent the surface.
CEOS ARD Surface Reflectance · CEOS ARD SAR (Normalised Radar Backscatter)
02In situ sensors and instruments
Frontier · In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar
Sensors that report changes per pixel at microsecond rates with very low power.
EMVA 1288 (reference for characterisation)
In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar
Measured occupancy, interference and emissions across bands at a site.
ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement)
In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar
Locating interference and unknown emitters by angle and time difference of arrival.
ITU-R SM.854 (direction finding) · ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar
Class 1 sound level meters and microphone arrays for environmental noise and event detection.
IEC 61672-1 (sound level meters) · ISO 1996-2 (environmental noise)
In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar
Visible and thermal cameras characterised for sensitivity, noise and resolution.
EMVA 1288 (camera characterisation) · ISO 12233 (resolution measurement)
In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar
Pan-tilt-zoom and fixed cameras for wildfire watch, sites and coastlines, with interoperable control.
IEC 62676 series (video surveillance systems) · ONVIF Profiles S, T and M
03IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks
Regenerative satellites that hold uplinked data until a ground station is in view.
3GPP Rel-19 IoT-NTN store-and-forward work item
Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks
5G NR links from satellites to standard devices, including RedCap over NTN in Rel-19.
3GPP TS 38.300 (Rel-17 NR NTN) · 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)
Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks
LPWAN modulations received by satellites for remote sensors with very small payloads.
LoRaWAN Regional Parameters RP002 (LR-FHSS)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks
Standard cellular IoT devices reaching satellites where there is no terrestrial coverage.
3GPP TR 36.763 (NB-IoT/eMTC over NTN) · 3GPP TS 36.300 (Rel-17 IoT-NTN)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks
L-band and S-band short-burst data terminals for remote stations and alarms.
ITU Radio Regulations (mobile-satellite service)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks
Authorisation of terminals and earth stations country by country.
ISED Radio Standards Specifications (Canada) · ITU Radio Regulations
04In situ sensors and instruments
In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal
Conductivity, temperature and depth instruments for salinity and density profiles.
TEOS-10 (thermodynamic equation of seawater) · GO-SHIP hydrographic manual
In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal
Moored and hull-mounted profilers for currents through the water column.
IOOS QARTOD manual for in situ currents
In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal
Surface meteorology, waves and sea temperature from moorings and drifters.
WMO/IOC Data Buoy Cooperation Panel practices · IOOS QARTOD manual for waves
In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal
Autonomous floats that profile temperature, salinity and biogeochemistry to depth on a regular cycle.
Argo data management documentation · OceanOPS
In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal
Long-term sea level and storm surge records tied to geodetic benchmarks.
IOC Manuals and Guides 14 (Manual on Sea Level Measurement and Interpretation) · GLOSS
In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal
Mobile autonomous platforms that sample along tracks for weeks.
GOOS Essential Ocean Variables
055G and 6G radio access networks
5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
Tower and rooftop base stations that carry wide-area coverage and most traffic.
3GPP TS 38.104 (BS radio transmission and reception) · ANSI/TIA-222 (antenna supporting structures) · CSA S37 (antennas, towers and antenna-supporting structures)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
Medium-range and local-area base stations for capacity hotspots, streets, campuses and indoor spaces.
3GPP TS 38.104 (medium range and local area BS classes) · Small Cell Forum SCF222 (5G FAPI PHY API)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
Passive, active and digital DAS that spread one or more operators’ signals through buildings, tunnels and venues.
3GPP TS 38.106 (NR repeater radio) · IEC 62232 (RF field strength near base stations)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
RF repeaters, including beam- and TDD-aware repeaters controlled by the gNB, for low-cost coverage extension.
3GPP TS 38.106 (NR repeater) · 3GPP TR 38.867 (network-controlled repeaters, Rel-18)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
NR used to backhaul other NR cells wirelessly, useful where fibre or microwave is impractical.
3GPP TS 38.300 (IAB, Rel-16) · 3GPP TS 38.174 (IAB radio)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
Emergency responder radio coverage systems required in many buildings by fire and building codes.
NFPA 1225 (emergency services communications)
06Satellite and space systems
Frontier · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
Payloads that demodulate, route or run base-station functions in orbit, cutting gateway dependence and latency.
3GPP Rel-19 NR NTN enhancements (regenerative payload) · 3GPP TS 38.300
Frontier · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
Satellites serving unmodified phones in terrestrial mobile spectrum to extend coverage at the edge of networks.
FCC Supplemental Coverage from Space framework (2024) · ITU WRC-27 agenda item 1.13 (Resolution 253 (WRC-23))
Frontier · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
Satellites that collect data when out of gateway view and deliver later, suited to sparse sensor networks.
3GPP Rel-19 IoT NTN store-and-forward
Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
Payloads that frequency-translate and amplify signals, keeping the gNB or hub on the ground.
3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) · 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)
Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
Hundreds of steerable spot beams with flexible power and bandwidth that follow demand across a coverage area.
ETSI EN 302 307-2 (DVB-S2X) · Rec. ITU-R S.1503
Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
3GPP NR adapted for satellite delay and Doppler so standard 5G devices and cores work over orbiting access.
3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) · 3GPP TS 38.101-5 (UE RF, satellite access) · 3GPP TS 38.108 (satellite access node radio)
07Every domain
The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory.
Layers · 8 · items · 61Survey, design, deployment and operation for oceans. The form names who receives your details.
Talk to usPlan a deploymentReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn
