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Systems and technologies
The systems behind public safety.

The technologies that carry this industry’s observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.

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  1. Public safety · Systems and technologies

    Warning time, gained at the sensor

    Observing networks, communications and data for emergency management: hydromet and fire-weather stations, camera towers with inference at the edge, deployable cells for incident command, and the integration that hands a trigger to the alerting authority, which keeps every decision. Needs: rainfall, river level and soil moisture, fire weather, smoke and ignition, ground movement and seismic activity, communications at the incident base and reporting uptime and data latency.

  2. Platform · Sensors & instruments

    Measurements that carry their own proof

    Weather and environment stations to WMO practice, RF spectrum sensing in the band, and calibration that is traceable, recorded and repeated. Every value leaves with its metadata, quality flag and provenance. Or buy the observations and leave the hardware to us: Sensing as a Service.

    Sensors & instruments
  3. Platform · Field services

    Survey to decommission, one accountable crew

    Ground, RF and power surveyed before anything is chosen, installation and commissioning to the plan, a Managed Site run for you, support by plan, training on your own site, and decommissioning with every part recorded. Changes are versioned, tested and reversible.

    Field services
  4. Platform · Connectivity

    Private 5G, AI-RAN and orbit, on site

    Standalone private 5G and O-RAN, AI-RAN on shared accelerated compute, LEO and GEO backhaul and 3GPP direct-to-device, LPWAN and mesh for sensors over kilometres, PTP timing inside the budget, and the spectrum route for each country. Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later.

    Connectivity
  5. Platform · Edge compute & AI

    Inference beside the instrument

    A modular edge data centre at the foot of the tower, multi-access edge computing one hop from the radio, inference on the live stream, scientific models run where the data lands, and physical AI for drones and robots, inside published red lines.

    Edge compute & AI
  6. Platform · Hardware & power

    Built for the site, not the lab

    Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later. The same design repeats from the first site to the last. It runs on the open Observatory Protocol, so other providers can join. Crews, software and records stay the same as the network grows.

    Hardware & power
  7. Platform · Space and satellite systems

    From orbit to the ground, on one protocol

    Spacecraft buses and payload classes, constellations sized to revisit and coverage, non-terrestrial networks and 3GPP direct-to-device, tasking and downlink, and space safety from tracking to conjunction awareness. Every pass, product and link carries its provenance into the grid. The same design repeats from the first site to the last.

    Space and satellite systems
  8. Platform · Protocol & Grid

    Your grid, on the open protocol

    Private and federated observing grids for networks, agencies and OEMs: providers admitted for a stated scope, devices qualified against the specification, software moved by signed plan and data exchanged across trust domains. Every step leaves evidence. Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later.

    Protocol & Grid
  9. How it scales

    One base unit, repeated

    A programme starts with one base node and the instruments it reads. A station adds power and radio, a site adds a relay, a fleet repeats the proven site across many places, and a network federates fleets through edge and core. Capacity grows by adding units, never by replacing what works.

  10. Updates

    Updates in rings, with rollback

    Software and configuration reach the fleet in rings: a canary site first, then a few, then all, each ring gated on health and data completeness. A failed gate stops the wave and returns each node to its last good release, without a site visit.

  11. Field service

    One crew, from survey to repair

    The same crew surveys, installs, commissions, calibrates and repairs, working from the site’s own record. Each visit updates it, so the next crew knows exactly what is there, when it was last checked and why it was changed. Spares and references are planned from that history.

  12. What you get

    Hydrometeorological and flood observing networks

    Stream gauges, rain gauges, weather radar and automatic weather stations built to WMO practice, reporting through WIS 2.0 where the agency requires it. Delivered as hardware + software, managed service and build-operate-transfer, for national meteorological and hydrological services, river-basin agencies, utilities.

    Talk to sales
  13. Next step

    Plan a public safety deployment

    Tell us the sites, the measurements and the people who will use them. We reply with a design and a scope for public safety. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace.

    Plan a deploymentOpen the StudioRead the stories

01Ground segment

Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks.

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Shared antenna networks

Pay-per-pass access to antennas across many sites so missions do not have to build their own.

CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) · CCSDS 911.1-B (SLE return all frames)

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Space link extension services

Standard services that deliver frames and accept commands between a ground station and a remote mission centre.

CCSDS 911.1-B (RAF) · CCSDS 911.2-B (RCF) · CCSDS 912.1-B (forward CLTU)

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Pass scheduling and resource management

Booking, deconfliction and configuration of antennas and modems for each contact.

CCSDS cross support service management

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

High-latitude and polar ground sites

Northern sites that see polar-orbiting satellites on most orbits and cut data latency.

ITU RR Appendix 7 · Rec. ITU-R P.618

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Ground segment cybersecurity

Access control, segmentation, monitoring and recovery for command and control systems.

NIST IR 8401 (satellite ground segment and the Cybersecurity Framework) · ISO/IEC 27001

Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks

Federated and hybrid ground networks

Combining owned, partner and agency antennas behind one scheduling and data interface.

CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model)

All 7 in this layer

02IoT, LPWAN and mesh

Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks.

Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

Store-and-forward satellite IoT

Regenerative satellites that hold uplinked data until a ground station is in view.

3GPP Rel-19 IoT-NTN store-and-forward work item

Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

NR NTN and direct-to-device

5G NR links from satellites to standard devices, including RedCap over NTN in Rel-19.

3GPP TS 38.300 (Rel-17 NR NTN) · 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)

Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

LoRa-class links to satellites

LPWAN modulations received by satellites for remote sensors with very small payloads.

LoRaWAN Regional Parameters RP002 (LR-FHSS)

IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

NB-IoT and LTE-M over satellite (IoT-NTN)

Standard cellular IoT devices reaching satellites where there is no terrestrial coverage.

3GPP TR 36.763 (NB-IoT/eMTC over NTN) · 3GPP TS 36.300 (Rel-17 IoT-NTN)

IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

Mobile-satellite messaging terminals

L-band and S-band short-burst data terminals for remote stations and alarms.

ITU Radio Regulations (mobile-satellite service)

IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

Satellite terminal licensing

Authorisation of terminals and earth stations country by country.

ISED Radio Standards Specifications (Canada) · ITU Radio Regulations

All 6 in this layer

03Satellite and space systems

Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device.

Frontier · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

Regenerative payloads and on-board processing

Payloads that demodulate, route or run base-station functions in orbit, cutting gateway dependence and latency.

3GPP Rel-19 NR NTN enhancements (regenerative payload) · 3GPP TS 38.300

Frontier · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

Direct-to-device in mobile bands

Satellites serving unmodified phones in terrestrial mobile spectrum to extend coverage at the edge of networks.

FCC Supplemental Coverage from Space framework (2024) · ITU WRC-27 agenda item 1.13 (Resolution 253 (WRC-23))

Frontier · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

Store-and-forward satellite IoT

Satellites that collect data when out of gateway view and deliver later, suited to sparse sensor networks.

3GPP Rel-19 IoT NTN store-and-forward

Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

Transparent (bent-pipe) payloads

Payloads that frequency-translate and amplify signals, keeping the gNB or hub on the ground.

3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) · 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)

Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

Multibeam and digitally beamformed payloads

Hundreds of steerable spot beams with flexible power and bandwidth that follow demand across a coverage area.

ETSI EN 302 307-2 (DVB-S2X) · Rec. ITU-R S.1503

Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

5G NR over satellite (NR-NTN)

3GPP NR adapted for satellite delay and Doppler so standard 5G devices and cores work over orbiting access.

3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) · 3GPP TS 38.101-5 (UE RF, satellite access) · 3GPP TS 38.108 (satellite access node radio)

All 9 in this layer

04Compute and edge

Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing.

Frontier · Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing

Edge-cloud continuum

Placing each workload at the device, edge or cloud tier by latency, cost, energy and data rules, and moving it when conditions change.

3GPP TS 23.548 (5GC enhancements for edge computing) · ETSI GS MEC 003

Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing

Device edge

Compute inside sensors, gateways, vehicles and robots that acts on data with no network round trip.

ISO/IEC 30141 (IoT reference architecture)

Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing

Far edge

Servers at cell sites, towers and customer premises that host DUs, local breakout and latency-critical apps.

ETSI GS MEC 003 (framework and reference architecture) · O-RAN WG6 Cloud Architecture and Deployment Scenarios

Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing

Near edge

Aggregation sites and central offices serving a town or district with shared compute and CU/core functions.

ETSI GS MEC 003 · GSMA OPG.02 (Operator Platform telco edge requirements)

Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing

Regional edge

Metro and regional data centres that host heavier AI, storage and core functions for a province or region.

EN 50600 (data centre facilities and infrastructures) · ANSI/TIA-942

Compute and edge · Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing

MEC application enablement

Platform services that let applications register, discover services and receive traffic rules at the edge.

ETSI GS MEC 011 (edge platform application enablement) · 3GPP TS 23.558 (EDGEAPP)

All 9 in this layer

05Compute and edge

Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box.

Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box

AI tower in a box

A site package that combines RAN, accelerated compute, storage, power, cooling and backhaul at a tower or remote site.

EN 50600 (data centre facilities and infrastructures) · ETSI EN 300 019 (environmental conditions for telecom equipment) · O-RAN WG6 Cloud Architecture and Deployment Scenarios

Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box

Prefabricated and containerised modules

Factory-built enclosures and container data centres shipped and commissioned at site.

ISO 668 (freight container dimensions) · EN 50600

Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box

Telecom and IT power systems

-48 V DC plants, UPS, batteries and generators sized for load and autonomy.

ETSI EN 300 132-2 (-48 V DC interface) · IEC 62040 (UPS)

Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box

Renewable and hybrid microgrids

Solar, wind and storage with generator backup for off-grid and weak-grid sites.

IEEE 1547 (DER interconnection) · IEC 62933 (electrical energy storage systems)

Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box

Physical security

Access control, intrusion detection and video for unattended sites.

EN 50600-2-5 (security systems)

Compute and edge · Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box

Fire detection and suppression

Early detection and clean-agent suppression suited to small, unattended IT spaces.

NFPA 75 (fire protection of IT equipment) · NFPA 2001 (clean agent systems)

All 8 in this layer

06In situ sensors and instruments

RF, acoustics, cameras and radar.

Frontier · In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Event-based and neuromorphic cameras

Sensors that report changes per pixel at microsecond rates with very low power.

EMVA 1288 (reference for characterisation)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Spectrum monitoring receivers

Measured occupancy, interference and emissions across bands at a site.

ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Direction finding and emitter geolocation

Locating interference and unknown emitters by angle and time difference of arrival.

ITU-R SM.854 (direction finding) · ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

Acoustic and noise monitoring

Class 1 sound level meters and microphone arrays for environmental noise and event detection.

IEC 61672-1 (sound level meters) · ISO 1996-2 (environmental noise)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

EO/IR cameras

Visible and thermal cameras characterised for sensitivity, noise and resolution.

EMVA 1288 (camera characterisation) · ISO 12233 (resolution measurement)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

PTZ and networked video systems

Pan-tilt-zoom and fixed cameras for wildfire watch, sites and coastlines, with interoperable control.

IEC 62676 series (video surveillance systems) · ONVIF Profiles S, T and M

All 9 in this layer

07Every domain

The rest of the spectrum.

The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory.

Layers · 8 · items · 61

In situ sensors and instruments

Instruments placed in the air, water, ground and spectrum, from weather stations to seismometers, radars and cameras, with the calibration, metadata and quality control that make their readings evidence.
Layers · 8 · items · 66

Field operations and lifecycle

Everything that happens on the ground across a site’s life: survey, permits, design packs, logistics, installation, acceptance, training, operations, maintenance, upgrades, decommission and recycling, done safely and recorded as evidence.
Layers · 8 · items · 62

5G and 6G radio access networks

The radio access network from site to spectrum: macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters, massive MIMO, NR bands and TDD synchronisation, NR features such as RedCap, positioning and sidelink, private and shared networks, Wi-Fi coexistence, 6G and ISAC, and the planning and assurance that keep it working.
Layers · 8 · items · 60

AI-RAN and Open RAN

Disaggregated, software-defined and AI-assisted radio access: the O-RAN architecture and its open interfaces, 7.2x fronthaul, RAN intelligent controllers with xApps and rApps, SMO and O-Cloud, accelerated L1, shared GPU infrastructure for RAN and AI, AI/ML in the 3GPP air interface, energy saving, and the test and integration work that makes multi-supplier RAN deployable.
Layers · 8 · items · 60

Core and transport networks

The networks behind the radio: the 5G core and its functions, slicing and edge breakout, IMS voice and emergency calling, fronthaul, midhaul and backhaul over microwave, E-band, fibre, free-space optics and satellite, IP/MPLS and segment routing, IPv6, automation and intent, and the security that holds it together.
Layers · 8 · items · 66

Satellite and space systems

The space segment end to end: orbits and constellations, spacecraft buses, communications and Earth observation payloads, inter-satellite links, tracking and command, space safety, launch, and the licensing and filings that let a system operate over a site.
Layers · 8 · items · 63

Ground segment

Everything on the ground that talks to spacecraft: gateways and teleports, user terminals, modems and software-defined radio, shared antenna networks, CCSDS protocol stacks, mission control, data processing and the spectrum coordination behind each earth station.
Layers · 7 · items · 59

Spectrum, timing and PNT

The shared foundations every network and sensor depends on: how spectrum is licensed, shared and monitored, GNSS positioning and its corrections, packet timing with PTP and SyncE, grandmasters and holdover, resilient PNT alternatives, and the detection of interference, jamming and spoofing.
Layers · 8 · items · 54

IoT, LPWAN and mesh

The radios, networks, gateways, device management and field protocols that connect low-power sensors and controllers to the grid, sized to a measured power budget.
Layers · 8 · items · 65

Compute and edge

Compute placed where data is produced and decisions are needed: the device, far, near and regional edge tiers, multi-access edge computing, modular edge data centres including the AI tower in a box, servers and accelerators, storage, power and cooling, ruggedisation, fleet orchestration, OTA and GitOps, and the hardware trust that makes remote sites safe to run.
Layers · 8 · items · 65

AI systems

AI from model to accountable operation: edge inference and model optimisation, foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial work, time-series and sensor AI, multimodal fusion and supervised agentic operations, federated and privacy-preserving learning, physical AI and robotics within stated red lines, MLOps, evaluation and model risk, and the governance frameworks that apply to each.
Layers · 8 · items · 64

Power, energy and ruggedisation

How a remote site is powered, stored, distributed, cooled, sealed, tested, grounded, held up and kept safe, from a solar-powered sensor to a hybrid microgrid on a guyed mast.
Layers · 8 · items · 67

Remote sensing and Earth observation

Every platform, sensor, processing level and ground-segment step that turns remote measurements of the Earth into calibrated, analysis-ready evidence for a site, a region or a network.
Layers · 8 · items · 61

Security, identity and trust

How every node proves what it is and what it runs, how links and keys are protected, how software is traced to its source, how personal data is minimised, and how incidents are found and handled.

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Survey, design, deployment and operation for public safety. The form names who receives your details.

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The systems behind public safety.

Reference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn