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Mining: the mine measured from pit to tailings: the systems behind it.
Nexus Observatory/
Mining/
Systems and technologiesThe technologies that carry this industry’s observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.
Plan with usUse casesReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn
01Ground segment
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Pay-per-pass access to antennas across many sites so missions do not have to build their own.
CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) · CCSDS 911.1-B (SLE return all frames)
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Standard services that deliver frames and accept commands between a ground station and a remote mission centre.
CCSDS 911.1-B (RAF) · CCSDS 911.2-B (RCF) · CCSDS 912.1-B (forward CLTU)
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Booking, deconfliction and configuration of antennas and modems for each contact.
CCSDS cross support service management
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Northern sites that see polar-orbiting satellites on most orbits and cut data latency.
ITU RR Appendix 7 · Rec. ITU-R P.618
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Access control, segmentation, monitoring and recovery for command and control systems.
NIST IR 8401 (satellite ground segment and the Cybersecurity Framework) · ISO/IEC 27001
Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
Combining owned, partner and agency antennas behind one scheduling and data interface.
CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model)
02Core and transport networks
Frontier · Core and transport networks · Fibre and optical transport
Using telecom fibre as a sensor for vibration, temperature and strain along its route.
IEC 61757 (fibre optic sensors)
Core and transport networks · Fibre and optical transport
Standard and bend-insensitive fibre for long-haul, metro and access.
ITU-T G.652 · ITU-T G.657
Core and transport networks · Fibre and optical transport
GPON, XGS-PON and 50G-PON for access, enterprise and small-cell backhaul.
ITU-T G.984 (GPON) · ITU-T G.9807.1 (XGS-PON) · ITU-T G.9804.3 (50G-PON PMD)
Core and transport networks · Fibre and optical transport
Many wavelengths per fibre with reconfigurable add-drop for regional rings.
ITU-T G.694.1 (DWDM frequency grid) · ITU-T G.698.2 (amplified multichannel DWDM interfaces)
Core and transport networks · Fibre and optical transport
Digital wrapper that multiplexes and protects client signals over wavelengths.
ITU-T G.709
Core and transport networks · Fibre and optical transport
Router-pluggable coherent optics that remove separate transponders for metro links.
OIF 400ZR Implementation Agreement · OIF coherent interoperability agreements
035G and 6G radio access networks
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Fully separate private 5G networks with their own identifiers, core and subscriptions.
3GPP TS 23.501 clause 5.30.2
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Private networks delivered as slices or DNNs of a public network, with closed access groups.
3GPP TS 23.501 clause 5.30.3
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
One shared network that serves several operators’ subscribers in buildings, campuses or rural corridors.
3GPP TS 23.251 (network sharing) · 3GPP TS 23.501 (SNPN with credentials from a separate entity)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Operators sharing radios and sometimes spectrum to cut cost in low-density areas.
3GPP TS 23.251 · 3GPP TS 32.130 (network sharing management)
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
Layer-2 group services and time-sensitive networking bridging for operational technology.
3GPP TS 23.501 clauses 5.27 and 5.29 · 3GPP TS 22.104
5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing
CBRS-type tiered access and local licences that let enterprises and communities run their own networks.
FCC 47 CFR Part 96 (CBRS) · ISED non-competitive local licensing framework (3900–3980 MHz)
04Remote sensing and Earth observation
Frontier · Remote sensing and Earth observation · Radar, lidar and microwave sensors
Reflected navigation signals for ocean wind, soil moisture and flood extent from low-cost receivers.
WMO OSCAR/Space
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Radar, lidar and microwave sensors
All-weather, day-night imaging; longer bands penetrate vegetation and dry soil, shorter bands resolve detail.
IEEE Std 521 (radar band letter designations) · CEOS ARD SAR (Normalised Radar Backscatter)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Radar, lidar and microwave sensors
Phase differences between passes that measure ground and structure motion to millimetres, plus elevation.
CEOS ARD SAR (Interferometric Radar, Geocoded Single-Look Complex) · ISO/TS 19159-3 (SAR and InSAR calibration)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Radar, lidar and microwave sensors
Full or dual polarisation scattering for crop type, flooded vegetation, sea ice and biomass.
CEOS ARD SAR (Polarimetric Radar)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Radar, lidar and microwave sensors
Wind, waves, oil slicks, ships and sea ice from radar over water.
CEOS ARD SAR (Ocean Radar Backscatter)
Remote sensing and Earth observation · Radar, lidar and microwave sensors
Height of sea, lake, river and ice surfaces along the ground track for water level and ice monitoring.
CEOS Ocean Surface Topography Virtual Constellation
05In situ sensors and instruments
In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control
Calibrations tied to SI standards through accredited laboratories with stated uncertainty.
ISO/IEC 17025:2017 · CIPM MRA (BIPM)
In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control
Uncertainty budgets that travel with every reading.
JCGM 100:2008 (GUM) · JCGM 200:2012 (VIM)
In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control
Travelling standards, field checks and intercomparisons between instruments.
WMO Regional Instrument Centres · WMO instrument intercomparisons
In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control
Station and instrument metadata to the WMO standard so others can interpret observations.
WMO-No. 1192 (WIGOS Metadata Standard) · WMO-No. 1160 (Manual on WIGOS, station identifiers) · OSCAR/Surface
In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control
Machine-readable descriptions of sensors, processes and sampling.
OGC SensorML 2.1 · ISO 19156:2023 · W3C/OGC SOSA/SSN
In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control
Range, rate, flat-line, spike and neighbour tests with flags on every value.
IOOS QARTOD manuals · WMO WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System (WDQMS)
06Spectrum, timing and PNT
Frontier · Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Many inexpensive receivers at sites forming a continuous spectrum picture.
Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 · ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
Frontier · Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Models that recognise signal types and anomalies in monitoring data.
ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Calibrated receivers and antennas that measure what is actually on air around a site or region.
ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement)
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Statistics of channel use over time that inform planning, sharing and licence applications.
Rec. ITU-R SM.1880
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
Multi-sensor techniques that locate interference sources for resolution with the regulator.
ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring
Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management
A documented process from detection to resolution, using international reporting formats where needed.
ITU RR Art. 15 · ITU RR Appendix 10 (harmful interference report)
07Every domain
The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory.
Layers · 8 · items · 61Survey, design, deployment and operation for mining. The form names who receives your details.
Talk to usPlan a deploymentReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn
