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Space and satellite systems/
Constellations and orbitsConstellations and orbits, inside Space and satellite systems: LEO broadband constellations, MEO constellations, GEO high-throughput satellites, HEO (Molniya and Tundra-type) orbits and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from ITU RR Art. 22 (EPFD limits for NGSO) to ITU Resolution 35 (WRC-19) NGSO milestone deployment, and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.
Plan with usArchitectureThe protocolReference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn · hover a part
01What it is
The space segment end to end: orbits and constellations, spacecraft buses, communications and Earth observation payloads, inter-satellite links, tracking and command, space safety, launch, and the licensing and filings that let a system operate over a site. Every platform, sensor, processing level and ground-segment step that turns remote measurements of the Earth into calibrated, analysis-ready evidence for a site, a region or a network. Each technology below carries what it is, what we do with it, and the standard it is drawn against.
Satellite and space systems
Hundreds to thousands of satellites at 300–2,000 km giving low-latency broadband and backhaul to remote and northern sites.
We design, integrate, deploy and operate.
ITU RR Art. 22 (EPFD limits for NGSO) · ITU Resolution 35 (WRC-19) NGSO milestone deployment · 3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17)
Satellite and space systems
Satellites at roughly 8,000–20,000 km used for navigation and for high-capacity, lower-latency trunking than GEO.
We design, integrate and operate.
ITU RR Art. 22 · Rec. ITU-R S.1503 (EPFD computation)
Satellite and space systems
Fixed-position spot-beam satellites at 35,786 km for broadcast, trunking and wide-area coverage where latency is acceptable.
We design, integrate and operate.
ITU RR Art. 9 and Art. 11 (coordination and notification) · ITU RR Appendices 30, 30A and 30B (planned bands)
Satellite and space systems
Highly elliptical orbits that dwell over high latitudes, giving persistent Arctic coverage that GEO cannot reach.
We design, integrate and operate.
ITU RR Art. 22 · Rec. ITU-R S.1503
Satellite and space systems
Orbits with fixed local solar time and global coverage, used by most imaging and sounding missions; drive revisit and downlink planning.
We design and integrate.
CCSDS 502.0-B (Orbit Data Messages) · ECSS-E-ST-10-04C (space environment)
Satellite and space systems
Plane count, phasing, inclination and altitude trade studies that set revisit, capacity, latency and gateway demand for a service area.
We design.
CCSDS 502.0-B (Orbit Data Messages) · Rec. ITU-R S.1503
Frontier · Satellite and space systems
Platforms at 20–50 km acting as relays or IMT base stations, filling the gap between towers and satellites.
We design, integrate and deploy.
ITU RR No. 1.66A (HAPS definition) · ITU Resolution 221 (Rev. WRC-23) HIBS
Frontier · Satellite and space systems
Orbits below about 450 km with higher-resolution sensing and lower latency, traded against drag, atomic oxygen and short lifetimes.
We design.
ECSS-E-ST-10-04C (space environment)
Remote sensing and Earth observation
Continuous hemispheric views every few minutes for weather, fire, smoke and flood watch over a site.
We integrate and deploy.
WMO OSCAR/Space · CGMS baseline for the operational space-based observing system
02Architecture
Constellations and orbits draws on 3 domains and 24 layers of the spectrum; the highlighted layers carry this area. It speaks 5 of the protocol’s 8 core functions.
Orbits and constellations
8
Spacecraft buses and platforms
9
Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device
9
Inter-satellite and space-to-ground links
7
Earth observation payload classes
10
Tracking, telemetry and command and space safety
9
Launch, licensing and regulation
8
Frontier and research
6
Gateways and teleports
8
User terminals
9
Baseband, modems and software-defined radio
8
Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks
7
CCSDS protocol stacks
9
Mission control and flight dynamics
7
Data downlink, processing and distribution
8
Earth station spectrum coordination and interference
7
01JoinIdentity, attestation quote, signed policy.
02AdmitAdmitted for a stated scope, nothing wider.
03DescribeWhat, where, how and by whom, with calibration.
04TimeOne clock across the grid, with its error bound.
05ObserveEvery value with quality and provenance.
06QualifyTested against the specification, state on record.
07FederateSigned exchange across grids and trust domains.
08OrchestrateSoftware and configuration by signed plan.
03On the grid
The open networks on the grid today, over real relief and the geodesic cells we count them into, filtered to the space domain this area serves. A site built here enrols into the same grid.
04In the field
6 deployment scenarios from the sector research that rely on constellations and orbits.
Government and public safety05Open and enterprise
The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.
Open, on the main site
Enterprise, on this site
06The rest of the line
Survey, design, deployment and operation for constellations and orbits. The form names who receives your details.
Talk to uscontact@observatory.globalConstellations and orbits, inside Space and satellite systems: LEO broadband constellations, MEO constellations, GEO high-throughput satellites, HEO (Molniya and Tundra-type) orbits and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from ITU RR Art. 22 (EPFD limits for NGSO) to ITU Resolution 35 (WRC-19) NGSO milestone deployment, and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.
The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.
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