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Open data, one method, comparable results.

Benchmarks, inside Frontier labs: O-RAN reference architecture, O-RU (radio unit), O-DU (distributed unit), O-CU (central unit, CP and UP) and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from O-RAN WG1 Architecture Description to O-RAN WG4 Control, User and Synchronization Plane Specification, and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.

Technologies

9

At the frontier

0

Protocol functions

3 of 8

Industries served

3

Reference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn · hover a part

01What it is

O-RAN architecture and open interfaces.

Disaggregated, software-defined and AI-assisted radio access: the O-RAN architecture and its open interfaces, 7.2x fronthaul, RAN intelligent controllers with xApps and rApps, SMO and O-Cloud, accelerated L1, shared GPU infrastructure for RAN and AI, AI/ML in the 3GPP air interface, energy saving, and the test and integration work that makes multi-supplier RAN deployable. AI from model to accountable operation: edge inference and model optimisation, foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial work, time-series and sensor AI, multimodal fusion and supervised agentic operations, federated and privacy-preserving learning, physical AI and robotics within stated red lines, MLOps, evaluation and model risk, and the governance frameworks that apply to each. Each technology below carries what it is, what we do with it, and the standard it is drawn against.

02Architecture

Where it sits, and what it speaks.

Benchmarks draws on 4 domains and 32 layers of the spectrum; the highlighted layers carry this area. It speaks 3 of the protocol’s 8 core functions.

Edge inference, model serving and optimisation

10

Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial

9

Time-series and sensor AI

8

Multimodal fusion and agentic operations

7

Federated and privacy-preserving learning

7

Physical AI and robotics (within red lines)

7

MLOps

7

Evaluation, model risk and AI governance

10

O-RAN architecture and open interfaces

7

Fronthaul (7.2x split) and transport

8

RAN intelligent controllers, xApps and rApps

8

SMO, O-Cloud and accelerated L1

8

AI-RAN: shared accelerated infrastructure

7

AI/ML in the air interface and network management

8

Energy saving and efficiency

6

Testing, integration and security

8

01JoinIdentity, attestation quote, signed policy.

02AdmitAdmitted for a stated scope, nothing wider.

03DescribeWhat, where, how and by whom, with calibration.

04TimeOne clock across the grid, with its error bound.

05ObserveEvery value with quality and provenance.

06QualifyTested against the specification, state on record.

07FederateSigned exchange across grids and trust domains.

08OrchestrateSoftware and configuration by signed plan.

03On the grid

Every site joins one observing grid.

The open networks on the grid today, over real relief and the geodesic cells we count them into, filtered to the space domain this area serves. A site built here enrols into the same grid.

04In the field

Where this runs, sector by sector.

3 deployment scenarios from the sector research that rely on benchmarks.

05Open and enterprise

Open by default. Enterprise by contract.

The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.

Open, on the main site

• Benchmark methods
• Pilot reports, published either way

Enterprise, on this site

• Research pilots
• Prototype engineering

06The rest of the line

Frontier labs, area by area.

Bring us the site.

Survey, design, deployment and operation for benchmarks. The form names who receives your details.