/
Cities/
Specialized fields/
Urban air qualityCity air, measured street by street.
A few reference stations tell a city whether it meets the law; they cannot say which street or school is worst. Dense sensors calibrated against the reference stations, with weather to trace sources, report to one record the environment department, health teams and residents can trust.
Plan a deploymentHow it worksStation Builder- Industry
- Cities
- Measurements
- 5
- Sources cited
- 5
Cities · Urban air quality
The street the station cannot see
A city may have a handful of reference stations and thousands of streets. The station tells the city whether it meets the law; parents want to know about the street outside their school. Dense sensors calibrated against the stations answer both, if their numbers can be trusted.
What is measured
Particles, gases and the wind
Reference stations measure particles and gases to the legal methods. Sensor nodes on lamp posts and walls measure particles and nitrogen dioxide at breathing height between them, and weather stations measure the wind that carries pollution from its sources. Every reading names its point and height.
- Instruments
- Reference stations · Sensor nodes · Rooftop and street weather
The base node
Calibration at the district node
Each district node applies the calibration learned at the reference station to every sensor, flags drift and faults, and computes hourly means and episode alerts before anything is published. Every value carries its calibration and quality flag. A sensor that drifts is flagged, not hidden.
Radio and links
Cellular, LoRaWAN and the city’s fibre
Reference stations and sensor nodes on street furniture report over the public cellular network. Dense battery sensors on lamp posts reach gateways on roofs over LoRaWAN, and reference stations in city buildings use the city’s fibre where it runs. Every path buffers its data.
- Links
- Public cellular · LoRaWAN · Fibre
How it works
From a lamp post to a school alert
A sensor outside a school reads particles rising on a still winter morning. The district node calibrates it against the reference station, sees an episode and sends an alert to the school and the health team. The map updates, and the record keeps the reading and the calibration.
From order to operation · Order
Scope the air plan and the questions
The scope reads the air quality plan, the reference network, the places the city worries about and the questions sensors must answer. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan around each reference station, the calibration design, the integration with the city’s data platform and a price per point and per service.
Plan a deploymentFrom order to operation · Survey
Walk the streets with the questions
Crews walk candidate streets, schools and junctions with the environment team, choosing lamp posts and walls at breathing height and away from vents and flues. They check gateway coverage from roofs and power on street furniture, and plan co-location at reference stations.
From order to operation · Permits
Street furniture and data
Sensors on lamp posts and walls need the owner’s consent and follow the city’s street works rules. Publication of street-level data is agreed with the environment and health teams. Every consent is kept with the point it covers. Residents near each point can ask what it measures and see its data.
From order to operation · Build
Build and co-locate first
Sensor nodes, gateways and reference station links are built, tested and enrolled with their identities. Every sensor first runs beside a reference station so its calibration is learned before it goes to its street, as the performance standard describes. Sensors that fail co-location are not deployed.
Open the Station BuilderFrom order to operation · Install
Install at breathing height
Crews mount sensor nodes at breathing height on lamp posts and walls, weather stations on roofs and gateways where they see the district. Every point is photographed and located, with its distance from the kerb recorded for the record. Each point is checked for nearby sources such as flues.
From order to operation · Commission
Check against the reference
Each node proves its identity. Calibrated readings are compared with the nearest reference station, outliers are investigated, and episode alerts are tested to the environment team. A point joins the published map only when its checks pass. Results are kept with each sensor’s record for later audits.
From order to operation · Operate
Act street by street
The environment team sees street-level air beside the reference stations, with wind to trace sources. Episodes trigger the city’s measures, schools and health teams receive alerts, and the air plan is judged on evidence. Residents see the same map. The record shows which measures worked.
From order to operation · Maintain
Recalibrate, rotate, replace
Sensors are rotated back to reference stations on schedule to check drift, cleaned and replaced at end of life. Reference stations follow their own quality programme. Every change is recorded, so street-level series stay trustworthy. Spares are kept calibrated, so a failed sensor is swapped quickly and gaps stay short.
Book field servicesData products
For planners, schools and residents
Environment teams and residents receive street-level maps; schools, health teams and the public receive episode alerts; air quality planners receive source attribution with wind; city leadership and regulators receive reporting indicators. Each product carries its calibration and quality flags. All products are dated and versioned.
See the data productsEvidence
Numbers a regulator accepts
Every reading, calibration, alert and change is signed and kept. Sensors are evaluated to the European performance standard against reference stations, limits follow the ambient air rules, health comparisons follow WHO guidelines, and indicators follow the city indicators standard. Calibrations are open to review.
- Drawn against
- Directive (EU) 2024/2881 · CEN/TS 17660-1 · WHO air quality guidelines · ISO 37120
What you get
Hybrid air-quality networks
Reference analysers plus calibrated low-cost nodes, with co-location calibration and an open-data interface. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for cities, environment agencies, industrial sites. Scale: City-wide to national. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard.
Talk to salesNext step
Plan urban air quality with us
Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for urban air quality. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace.
Plan a deploymentOpen the Station BuilderOpen the Studio
01The place and its hazards
Where it runs, and what can go wrong.
Operating contextCities assess air quality against legal limits with reference stations, and increasingly with sensor networks that show variation between streets, schools and junctions. Health guidelines are stricter than many limits. Low-cost sensors need calibration and quality control before their numbers can be used, and air plans need sources traced.
Hazards
- Exposure at schools, hospitals and busy streets
- Limit breaches found too late to act
- Sensor numbers trusted without calibration
- Episodes from traffic, heating, industry or smoke
- Unequal exposure between neighbourhoods
02What must be measured
What, where, how often, and under which rules.
Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below.
| Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Particulate matter | Reference stations and sensors at streets, schools and junctions | Continuous, hourly and daily means | 12 |
| Nitrogen dioxide and ozone | Reference stations and gas sensors near traffic and in background sites | Continuous, hourly means | 13 |
| Sensor performance | Sensors co-located with reference stations | On installation and on schedule | 3 |
| Wind and boundary conditions | Rooftop and street-level weather stations | Continuous | 4 |
| Air quality indicators | The whole city | Yearly reporting | 5 |
03The observation stack
From one base unit to a network.
The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol.
- 01
Base unit
A street point: a particle and gas sensor node, or a reference station read by a small node that signs every value.
Build a station → - 02
Site
A district: sensor points around a reference station, a gateway on a roof and cellular to the city.
Plan a site → - 03
Fleet
Every point of a city run as one fleet, with one calibration process and one record.
Managed offers → - 04
Network
Cities, regions, health agencies and researchers exchange air data through open standards.
The open protocol →
- 01Air quality monitor
- 02Compact weather station
- 03LoRaWAN gateway
- 04Micro node (Nano)
- 05Cellular modem/router
- 06Solar array
- 07Pole
Radio and links
Public cellular
Reference stations and sensor nodes on street furniture report over the public network the city already pays for.
Radio and links
LoRaWAN
Dense battery sensors on lamp posts reach gateways on roofs at very low power.
Radio and links
Fibre
Reference stations in city buildings use the city’s own fibre where it runs.
Edge computeEach district node applies the calibration learned at the reference station to every sensor, flags drift and faults, and computes hourly means and episode alerts before publishing.
PowerSensor nodes run on street-light power or small solar panels; reference stations run on mains in their enclosures.
04How it works
From the instrument to the product.
One observation’s path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks.
Urban air quality: data path
– of 07
01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Gateway 03 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 04 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 05 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 06 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 07 Products OGC SensorThings APICEN/TS 17660WHO air quality guidelines 08 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC to the field equipment 01 Air quality monitor SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet Low-cost air-quality nodes withLoRaWAN radios Not in the reference kit 03 LoRaWAN gateway Ethernet · RF · GNSS antenna 04 Micro node (Nano) Ethernet · USB · Analogue I/O ·RS-485 · CAN 05 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Street-level air quality maps Episode alerts Source attribution with wind Reporting indicators 06 Solar array RS-485 07 Pole RS-485 RS-485 LoRaWAN Ethernet Ethernet LTE/NR| Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Air quality monitorParticulate and gas monitor (PM, NO2, O3, CO, SO2) for outdoor or indoor air. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 02 | Compact weather stationAll-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 03 | LoRaWAN gatewayMulti-channel LoRaWAN gateway that forwards uplinks to a network server and schedules downlinks within duty limits. | EthernetRFGNSS antenna | LoRaWAN, MQTT 5 | PoE, 12 V DC |
| 04 | Micro node (Nano)Single-board or module-class node for sensor sites, gateways and low-power deployments. | EthernetUSBAnalogue I/ORS-485CAN | MQTT 5, OMA LwM2M, CoAP | PoE, 12 V DC, USB PD |
| 05 | Cellular modem/routerLTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE |
| 06 | Solar arrayPV modules with charge controller sized to the site’s load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — |
| 07 | PoleUtility, street or dedicated pole with clamp positions. | — | — | — |
How it scales
01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces.SITE
Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality.CLUSTER
×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites.FLEET
Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts.TRUST DOMAIN
TRUST DOMAIN
TRUST DOMAIN
×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange- Data in the field
- MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses.
- Telemetry
- OpenTelemetry OTLP.
- Control
- TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2.
- Data upstream
- At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links.
- Evidence
- DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts.
- Events
- Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3.
- Exchange
- OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0.
05From order to operation
Every step, from the first call to a running site.
The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance.
- 01 Order
Scope the air plan and the questions
The scope reads the air quality plan, the reference network, the places the city worries about and the questions sensors must answer. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan around each reference station, the calibration design, the integration with the city’s data platform and a price per point and per service. 1
- 02 Survey
Walk the streets with the questions
Crews walk candidate streets, schools and junctions with the environment team, choosing lamp posts and walls at breathing height and away from vents and flues. They check gateway coverage from roofs and power on street furniture, and plan co-location at reference stations.
- 03 Permits
Street furniture and data
Sensors on lamp posts and walls need the owner’s consent and follow the city’s street works rules. Publication of street-level data is agreed with the environment and health teams. Every consent is kept with the point it covers. Residents near each point can ask what it measures and see its data.
- 04 Build
Build and co-locate first
Sensor nodes, gateways and reference station links are built, tested and enrolled with their identities. Every sensor first runs beside a reference station so its calibration is learned before it goes to its street, as the performance standard describes. Sensors that fail co-location are not deployed. 3
- 05 Install
Install at breathing height
Crews mount sensor nodes at breathing height on lamp posts and walls, weather stations on roofs and gateways where they see the district. Every point is photographed and located, with its distance from the kerb recorded for the record. Each point is checked for nearby sources such as flues.
- 06 Commission
Check against the reference
Each node proves its identity. Calibrated readings are compared with the nearest reference station, outliers are investigated, and episode alerts are tested to the environment team. A point joins the published map only when its checks pass. Results are kept with each sensor’s record for later audits.
- 07 Operate
Act street by street
The environment team sees street-level air beside the reference stations, with wind to trace sources. Episodes trigger the city’s measures, schools and health teams receive alerts, and the air plan is judged on evidence. Residents see the same map. The record shows which measures worked. 2
- 08 Maintain
Recalibrate, rotate, replace
Sensors are rotated back to reference stations on schedule to check drift, cleaned and replaced at end of life. Reference stations follow their own quality programme. Every change is recorded, so street-level series stay trustworthy. Spares are kept calibrated, so a failed sensor is swapped quickly and gaps stay short.
06Data products and integration
What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems.
Data products
- Street-level air quality mapsEnvironment teams and residents
- Episode alertsSchools, health teams and the public
- Source attribution with windAir quality planners
- Reporting indicatorsCity leadership and regulators
Integration
- City data platformObservations are served through OGC SensorThings with calibration and quality flags.
- Regional reference networkSensors are calibrated against reference stations and never replace them in legal assessment.
- Public informationMaps and alerts are published on the city’s channels and open data portal.
Exchanged through OGC SensorThings API, CEN/TS 17660, WHO air quality guidelines.
07Questions buyers ask
Before you scope it.
Can sensors replace reference stations?
No. Reference stations remain the legal basis; sensors show variation between them.
How accurate are the sensors?
As accurate as their calibration shows. Each is co-located with a reference station and checked on schedule.
Who sees the data?
The city decides; street-level maps are usually published openly.
Can schools get alerts?
Yes. Episode alerts go to schools and health teams the city names.
08Resources
The sources behind this page.
Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does.
- 1Directive (EU) 2024/2881 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for EuropeEuropean Union · 2024
- 2WHO global air quality guidelinesWorld Health Organization · 2021
- 3CEN/TS 17660-1: Air quality, performance evaluation of air quality sensor systems, gaseous pollutantsEuropean Committee for Standardization · 2021
- 4Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)World Meteorological Organization
- 5ISO 37120: Sustainable cities and communities, indicators for city services and quality of lifeInternational Organization for Standardization
09Related
Use cases and solutions.
Use caseHybrid air-quality observatory
A few reference analysers and many low-cost nodes, with co-location calibration and an open-data feed.The full use case →SolutionHybrid air-quality networks
Reference analysers plus calibrated low-cost nodes, with co-location calibration and an open-data interface.Solutions for cities →SolutionEnvironmental exposure monitoring for health programmes
Heat, air and water exposure measurements around facilities and communities; no diagnosis or treatment.Solutions for cities →10Cities: specialized fields
Other fields of this industry.
Specialized fieldUrban heat and trees
Street-level temperature and humidity across neighbourhoods, tree soil moisture and heat-health alerts, on LoRaWAN across the city, so cooling and watering go where people suffer most.The full field →Specialized fieldStreets and mobility
Counts of people, bikes and vehicles, speeds, kerb use and junction safety by camera and radar processed at the edge, on private 5G and fibre, so streets are planned on evidence and privacy is kept.The full field →Specialized fieldPublic buildings and energy
Energy, heat and water meters, indoor air and comfort in schools, offices and pools, with weather for normalisation, on the buildings’ own networks behind a security gateway.The full field →Specialized fieldWaste and street services
Bin fill levels, collection routes, transfer station gas and weather, on LoRaWAN across the city, so crews empty what is full and the waste record follows from the work.The full field →Specialized fieldNoise and the night-time city
Class 1 noise monitoring at hot spots, event classification at the edge for nightlife, construction and traffic, with weather, on cellular, so complaints are answered with evidence and noise plans work.The full field →Bring us the site.
Plan a deployment, configure a station, model it in the Studio or talk to sales. The form names who receives your details.
Plan a deploymentStation BuilderOpen the StudioTalk to salesRequest a quote