IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Wi-Fi HaLow
Sub-GHz Wi-Fi with long range and thousands of stations per access point.
We design, integrate and deploy.
IEEE 802.11ah (incorporated in IEEE 802.11-2020)
LoRaWAN star of stars: one gateway on a mast, battery end nodes across the fields.
Nexus Observatory/
Connectivity/
LPWAN and meshBattery sensors over kilometres.
LPWAN and mesh, inside Connectivity: wi-Fi HaLow, IEEE 802.15.4 radios, thread, matter and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from IEEE 802.11ah (incorporated in IEEE 802.11-2020) to IEEE 802.15.4-2020, and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.
Plan with usArchitectureThe protocol- Technologies
- 9
- At the frontier
- 1
- Protocol functions
- 3 of 8
- Industries served
- 21
01What it is
Local networks and mesh.
The radios, networks, gateways, device management and field protocols that connect low-power sensors and controllers to the grid, sized to a measured power budget. The networks behind the radio: the 5G core and its functions, slicing and edge breakout, IMS voice and emergency calling, fronthaul, midhaul and backhaul over microwave, E-band, fibre, free-space optics and satellite, IP/MPLS and segment routing, IPv6, automation and intent, and the security that holds it together. Each technology below carries what it is, what we do with it, and the standard it is drawn against.
IoT, LPWAN and mesh
IEEE 802.15.4 radios
The low-power PHY and MAC under Thread, Zigbee-class and Wi-SUN networks.
We integrate.
IEEE 802.15.4-2020
IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Thread
IPv6 mesh over 802.15.4 with self-healing routing and border routers.
We design and integrate.
Thread 1.4 specification (Thread Group)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Matter
Application-layer standard for interoperable building devices over Thread, Wi-Fi and Ethernet.
We integrate.
Matter specification 1.x (Connectivity Standards Alliance)
IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Bluetooth Low Energy and Bluetooth Mesh
Short-range links for commissioning, wearables, beacons and managed-flood mesh.
We design and integrate.
Bluetooth Core Specification · Bluetooth Mesh Protocol 1.1
IoT, LPWAN and mesh
6LoWPAN
IPv6 header compression and fragmentation for constrained radios.
We integrate.
IETF RFC 4944 · IETF RFC 6282
IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Mesh routing protocols
Routing for lossy, low-power and ad hoc networks that change as nodes fail or move.
We design, integrate and operate.
IETF RFC 6550 (RPL) · IETF RFC 8966 (Babel) · IETF RFC 7181 (OLSRv2)
Frontier · IoT, LPWAN and mesh
Wi-Fi sensing
Using Wi-Fi channel measurements to detect presence and motion without cameras.
We integrate.
IEEE 802.11bf-2025 (WLAN sensing)
Core and transport networks
IMS core
SIP session control for voice, video and messaging on IP networks.
We design, integrate and operate.
3GPP TS 23.228 (IMS stage 2) · 3GPP TS 24.229 (SIP and SDP for IMS)
02Architecture
Where it sits, and what it speaks.
LPWAN and mesh draws on 7 domains and 55 layers of the spectrum; the highlighted layers carry this area. It speaks 3 of the protocol’s 8 core functions.
Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters
9
Massive MIMO and beamforming
7
NR bands, duplexing and synchronisation
9
NR features: RedCap, positioning, sidelink and verticals
9
Private networks and RAN sharing
7
Wi-Fi coexistence and convergence
8
6G and integrated sensing and communication
7
RAN planning, optimisation and assurance
6
O-RAN architecture and open interfaces
7
Fronthaul (7.2x split) and transport
8
RAN intelligent controllers, xApps and rApps
8
SMO, O-Cloud and accelerated L1
8
AI-RAN: shared accelerated infrastructure
7
AI/ML in the air interface and network management
8
Energy saving and efficiency
6
Testing, integration and security
8
01JoinIdentity, attestation quote, signed policy.
02AdmitAdmitted for a stated scope, nothing wider.
03DescribeWhat, where, how and by whom, with calibration.
04TimeOne clock across the grid, with its error bound.
05ObserveEvery value with quality and provenance.
06QualifyTested against the specification, state on record.
07FederateSigned exchange across grids and trust domains.
08OrchestrateSoftware and configuration by signed plan.
03On the grid
Every site joins one observing grid.
The open networks on the grid today, over real relief and the geodesic cells we count them into. A site built here enrols into the same grid.
04In the field
Where this runs, sector by sector.
6 deployment scenarios from the sector research that rely on lpwan and mesh.
Government and public safetyAlerting integration with the Common Alerting Protocol and cell broadcast
Software-heavy: sensor triggers feed an alert origination tool; the alert authority keeps every decision.Government and public safetyDeployable communications and sensing for incident command
A cell on wheels with satellite backhaul, mesh telemetry and environment nodes at the incident base.Communities and ruralIndigenous-owned community cellular
Unused 800 MHz and 1900 MHz spectrum through an access-licensing framework with a priority window for Indigenous applicants.Communities and ruralLast-mile fixed wireless with community anchor sensing
Sub-grantee partnerships where observatory nodes co-host at schools, clinics and fire halls.Communities and ruralRural and cross-border 5G corridors and smart communities
Co-funded cross-border sections under European digital infrastructure calls.Communities and ruralRemote microgrid, sensing and connectivity bundle
Solar-plus-storage telemetry with a weather station and a small cell in a diesel-reduction project.Network scenes, computed in the place.
Each one places the technology in a drawn site. Pick a band, switch a layer or fail a node and the coverage, the link budget and the numbers are recomputed.
IoT · LoRaWAN · RuralLoRaWAN across a farm and village
Soil probes in every field report to gateways on the water tower and the church spire; the adaptive data rate, time on air and duty cycle are computed from the link budget.IoT · Mesh · LoRaWAN · CityIoT in the city: a street-light mesh and LoRaWAN
Street-light controllers form a radio mesh that routes around a failed node to its border router, while meters and sensors report to a rooftop LoRaWAN gateway.IoT · Mesh · LoRaWAN · IndustrialIndustrial IoT in a process plant
Wireless instruments on the pipe racks and process units form a mesh to the control building, tank gauges report over LoRaWAN, and a microwave hop links the control building to the substation.05Open and enterprise
Open by default. Enterprise by contract.
The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.
Open, on the main site
- Band tables and sources
- Country guides
- Coverage methods
Enterprise, on this site
- Private Wireless as a Service
- AI-RAN deployment
- Spectrum route support
06The rest of the line
Connectivity, area by area.
ConnectivityPrivate 5G
Standalone NPN: your core, your SIMs, your site.ConnectivityAI-RAN
RAN and inference on the same accelerators.ConnectivityO-RAN
Open fronthaul and RIC, many suppliers.ConnectivitySatellite and NTN
LEO, GEO and 3GPP direct-to-device.ConnectivityTiming
PTP to G.8275.1, GNSS with holdover.ConnectivitySpectrum
Bands, licences and routes, by country.Bring us the site.
Survey, design, deployment and operation for lpwan and mesh. The form names who receives your details.
Talk to uscontact@observatory.global