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Cities/
Specialized fields/
Public buildings and energyPublic buildings, measured room by room.
Schools, libraries, offices and pools spend public money on energy and must keep people healthy inside. Meters, indoor air and comfort sensors and a weather reference report to one record the energy manager, the facilities team and the head teacher can all read, behind a security gateway.
Plan a deploymentHow it worksStation Builder- Industry
- Cities
- Measurements
- 5
- Sources cited
- 6
Cities · Public buildings and energy
Monthly bills hide the waste
A city pays energy bills for hundreds of buildings and sees one number a month for each. Heating runs at night, a leak flows for weeks, a classroom fills with stale air. Measuring every meter and room shows where money and health are being lost.
What is measured
Meters, rooms, plant and weather
Meters on electricity, heat and water supplies read use at short intervals. Room sensors read carbon dioxide, temperature and humidity in classrooms and offices, plant is read from its controls, and a weather reference lets use be compared fairly across seasons.
- Instruments
- Energy and water meters · Room air and comfort · Plant data · Outside weather
The base node
A node behind the security gateway
An industrial gateway reads meters and controls over their buses, and the building node normalises energy for weather and occupancy, detects waste and leaks and raises indoor air alerts per room. Everything leaves the building only through the security gateway.
Radio and links
The building’s own network
Most public buildings are on the city’s fibre or fixed broadband, the path for building data. Battery room sensors report over LoRaWAN without new cabling through historic walls, and where rooms have wireless, sensors join a separate network. Each building’s path is supervised.
- Links
- Fibre · LoRaWAN · Wi-Fi
How it works
From a night-time meter to a fixed timer
A school’s heat meter keeps counting through the night. The building node compares it with the occupancy schedule, raises a waste alert to the facilities team, and a wrong timer is fixed. The next month’s use falls, and the record shows the saving.
From order to operation · Order
Scope the estate and the targets
The scope reads the building list, energy bills, existing meters and controls, renovation plans and indoor air concerns. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the meter and room plan by building, the network and security design, the integration with energy management and a price per building and per service.
Plan a deploymentFrom order to operation · Survey
Walk the plant rooms
Crews walk each building with the facilities team: meters and plant rooms, representative rooms for indoor sensors, cable routes and network points. They record existing controls, their interfaces and who maintains them. They note access, opening hours and the people to call, so later visits do not disturb classes or services.
From order to operation · Permits
Occupants, controls and security
Head teachers and building managers agree to room sensors, and staff are told what is measured. Control system suppliers agree read-only access. The network design follows the industrial security standard, and every agreement is kept with the building’s record. Data stays with the city.
From order to operation · Build
Build per building
Meters, room sensors, gateways and nodes are built, tested together and enrolled with their identities. Each building’s configuration names its meters, rooms and plant, and every part is labelled with its building and room. Configurations are tested on the bench with each building’s meter list before installation.
Open the Station BuilderFrom order to operation · Install
Install out of hours
Crews install in holidays and evenings: meters on supplies, sensors in rooms at seated height away from windows and radiators, gateways in plant rooms and the security gateway at the network edge. Every point is photographed and located. Fixings respect listed fabric.
From order to operation · Commission
Check against bills and references
Each device proves its identity behind the security gateway. Meter totals are compared with utility bills, room sensors with a reference, and alerts are tested to the facilities team and the head teacher where agreed. Each building joins the record only when its checks pass.
From order to operation · Operate
Find waste and fix rooms
The energy manager sees use normalised for weather and occupancy, waste such as night heating and leaks, and savings from each measure. Facilities teams see rooms with poor air or comfort and fix ventilation. Every action is kept on the record.
From order to operation · Maintain
Keep meters and rooms true
Meters are checked against bills monthly, room sensors calibrated on schedule and batteries changed on plan. After renovations, baselines are reset. Every change is recorded, so savings can be shown year on year. Spares are kept ready, so a failed meter or sensor is swapped quickly.
Book field servicesData products
For energy managers and head teachers
Energy managers receive use normalised by building; facilities teams receive waste and leak alerts; head teachers and building managers receive indoor air and comfort by room; city leadership and auditors receive performance reports. Each product carries its baseline and calibration.
See the data productsEvidence
Savings you can audit
Every reading, alert and action is signed and kept. Energy follows the management system standard’s measured baselines, indoor conditions follow the European indoor environment standard, building performance follows the European directive, and the network follows the industrial security standard. Baselines are open to review.
- Drawn against
- ISO 50001 · EN 16798-1 · Directive (EU) 2024/1275 · IEC 62443
What you get
Sensing as a Service
Observation networks designed, installed, operated and maintained for a monthly fee: weather, hydromet, air, seismic and environmental stations, with data delivered under a licence. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for agencies, utilities, municipalities, insurers, agribusiness. Scale: Global, multi-site, per-site pricing.
Talk to salesNext step
Plan public buildings and energy with us
Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for public buildings and energy. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace.
Plan a deploymentOpen the Station BuilderOpen the Studio
01The place and its hazards
Where it runs, and what can go wrong.
Operating contextCities own and run many buildings with old controls, monthly bills and little measurement. Building energy performance rules push renovation and monitoring, energy management standards ask for measured baselines, and indoor air in classrooms affects health and learning. Building controls are operational technology that must be kept secure.
Hazards
- Energy waste hidden in monthly bills
- Poor indoor air in crowded classrooms
- Overheating and cold rooms
- Water leaks found late
- Building controls exposed to cyber attack
02What must be measured
What, where, how often, and under which rules.
Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below.
| Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| Electricity, heat and water use | Main and sub-meters in each building | Continuous, at short intervals | 12 |
| Indoor carbon dioxide, temperature and humidity | Classrooms, offices and meeting rooms | Continuous | 3 |
| Outside weather | A rooftop station or the nearest reference | Continuous | 4 |
| Plant performance | Boilers, heat pumps and ventilation units | Continuous | 1 |
| Energy performance indicators | Each building and the estate | Monthly and yearly | 25 |
03The observation stack
From one base unit to a network.
The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol.
- 01
Base unit
A building point: meters and indoor sensors on an industrial gateway read by an edge node behind a security gateway.
Build a station → - 02
Site
A building: every meter, room and plant item on its own network, linked to the city over fibre.
Plan a site → - 03
Fleet
Every building of the estate run as one fleet, with one energy record.
Managed offers → - 04
Network
Cities, schools and energy agencies exchange energy and indoor data through open standards.
The open protocol →
- 01Energy and power-quality meter
- 02Air quality monitor
- 03Flow meter
- 04Compact weather station
- 05OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus)
- 06Edge node (Wedge)
- 07Zero-trust gateway
- 08Fibre terminal
Radio and links
Fibre
Most public buildings are on the city’s fibre or fixed broadband, the path for the building’s data.
Radio and links
LoRaWAN
Battery room sensors report without new cabling through historic walls.
Radio and links
Wi-Fi
Where rooms already have wireless, sensors join a separate network for building data.
Edge computeThe building node normalises energy for weather and occupancy, detects waste such as heating at night or leaks, raises indoor air alerts per room and keeps every control action read-only unless the facilities team allows otherwise.
PowerMeters and gateways run on building power; room sensors on batteries for years.
04How it works
From the instrument to the product.
One observation’s path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks.
Public buildings and energy: data path
– of 08
01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Gateway 03 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 04 Local network 05 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 06 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 07 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 08 Products OPC UAModbusIEC 62443 01 Energy and power-quality meter SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Air quality monitor SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Flow meter SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 05 OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) Ethernet · RS-485 · CAN · AnalogueI/O 06 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 07 Zero-trust gateway Ethernet · Fibre 08 Fibre terminal Fibre · Ethernet Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Energy use normalised by building Waste and leak alerts Indoor air and comfort by room Energy performance reports RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus Ethernet · opc-ua Ethernet Fibre Fibre| Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | Energy and power-quality meterMeter for voltage, current, power, energy and power quality at a site or on a feeder. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | Modbus, IEC 61850 (MMS, GOOSE), DNP3 (IEEE 1815), MQTT 5 | 12 V DC |
| 02 | Air quality monitorParticulate and gas monitor (PM, NO2, O3, CO, SO2) for outdoor or indoor air. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 03 | Flow meterOpen-channel or pipe flow meter (Doppler, ultrasonic, electromagnetic). | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 04 | Compact weather stationAll-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 05 | OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus)Read-only bridge from industrial fieldbuses and controllers (Modbus, OPC UA, DNP3, IEC 61850, CAN) to the site network, behind a security boundary. | EthernetRS-485CANAnalogue I/O | OPC UA, Modbus, DNP3 (IEEE 1815), IEC 61850 (MMS, GOOSE), MQTT 5 | 24 V DC |
| 06 | Edge node (Wedge)Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains |
| 07 | Zero-trust gatewayGateway that terminates encrypted tunnels, enforces segmentation and gates every flow by identity and policy. | EthernetFibre | — | 12 V DC, AC mains |
| 08 | Fibre terminalOptical network terminal or media converter that lands fibre backhaul at a site. | FibreEthernet | IEEE 1588 PTP | 12 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains |
How it scales
01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces.SITE
Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality.CLUSTER
×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites.FLEET
Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts.TRUST DOMAIN
TRUST DOMAIN
TRUST DOMAIN
×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange- Data in the field
- MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses.
- Telemetry
- OpenTelemetry OTLP.
- Control
- TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2.
- Data upstream
- At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links.
- Evidence
- DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts.
- Events
- Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3.
- Exchange
- OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0.
05From order to operation
Every step, from the first call to a running site.
The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance.
- 01 Order
Scope the estate and the targets
The scope reads the building list, energy bills, existing meters and controls, renovation plans and indoor air concerns. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the meter and room plan by building, the network and security design, the integration with energy management and a price per building and per service. 12
- 02 Survey
Walk the plant rooms
Crews walk each building with the facilities team: meters and plant rooms, representative rooms for indoor sensors, cable routes and network points. They record existing controls, their interfaces and who maintains them. They note access, opening hours and the people to call, so later visits do not disturb classes or services.
- 03 Permits
Occupants, controls and security
Head teachers and building managers agree to room sensors, and staff are told what is measured. Control system suppliers agree read-only access. The network design follows the industrial security standard, and every agreement is kept with the building’s record. Data stays with the city. 6
- 04 Build
Build per building
Meters, room sensors, gateways and nodes are built, tested together and enrolled with their identities. Each building’s configuration names its meters, rooms and plant, and every part is labelled with its building and room. Configurations are tested on the bench with each building’s meter list before installation.
- 05 Install
Install out of hours
Crews install in holidays and evenings: meters on supplies, sensors in rooms at seated height away from windows and radiators, gateways in plant rooms and the security gateway at the network edge. Every point is photographed and located. Fixings respect listed fabric.
- 06 Commission
Check against bills and references
Each device proves its identity behind the security gateway. Meter totals are compared with utility bills, room sensors with a reference, and alerts are tested to the facilities team and the head teacher where agreed. Each building joins the record only when its checks pass.
- 07 Operate
Find waste and fix rooms
The energy manager sees use normalised for weather and occupancy, waste such as night heating and leaks, and savings from each measure. Facilities teams see rooms with poor air or comfort and fix ventilation. Every action is kept on the record. 3
- 08 Maintain
Keep meters and rooms true
Meters are checked against bills monthly, room sensors calibrated on schedule and batteries changed on plan. After renovations, baselines are reset. Every change is recorded, so savings can be shown year on year. Spares are kept ready, so a failed meter or sensor is swapped quickly.
06Data products and integration
What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems.
Data products
- Energy use normalised by buildingEnergy managers
- Waste and leak alertsFacilities teams
- Indoor air and comfort by roomHead teachers and building managers
- Energy performance reportsCity leadership and auditors
Integration
- Energy managementMeter data and baselines feed the city’s energy management system.
- Building controlsControls are read over Modbus or OPC UA through the security gateway, read-only by default.
- ReportingIndicators are exported for building performance and city reporting.
Exchanged through OPC UA, Modbus, IEC 62443.
07Questions buyers ask
Before you scope it.
Will it change our controls?
Not by default. It reads them; any control action is a choice of the facilities team.
Is it safe to connect controls?
Every connection crosses a security gateway built to the industrial control security standard.
Can teachers see classroom air?
Yes, where the school agrees.
How are savings shown?
Use is normalised for weather and occupancy against a measured baseline.
08Resources
The sources behind this page.
Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does.
- 1ISO 50001: Energy management systemsInternational Organization for Standardization
- 2Directive (EU) 2024/1275 on the energy performance of buildingsEuropean Union · 2024
- 3EN 16798-1: Energy performance of buildings, indoor environmental input parametersEuropean Committee for Standardization
- 4Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)World Meteorological Organization
- 5ISO 37120: Sustainable cities and communities, indicators for city services and quality of lifeInternational Organization for Standardization
- 6IEC 62443: Security for industrial automation and control systemsInternational Electrotechnical Commission
09Related
Use cases and solutions.
SolutionSensing as a Service
Observation networks designed, installed, operated and maintained for a monthly fee: weather, hydromet, air, seismic and environmental stations, with data delivered under a licence.Solutions for cities →SolutionEnvironmental exposure monitoring for health programmes
Heat, air and water exposure measurements around facilities and communities; no diagnosis or treatment.Solutions for cities →SolutionOperational-technology assurance for observing sites
Identity, attestation, segmentation and monitoring for instruments and edge nodes, with evidence for audits.Solutions for cities →10Cities: specialized fields
Other fields of this industry.
Specialized fieldUrban air quality
Reference stations and dense sensor networks for particles and gases, with weather to trace sources, calibrated against each other, on cellular and LoRaWAN, for street-level maps people can trust.The full field →Specialized fieldUrban heat and trees
Street-level temperature and humidity across neighbourhoods, tree soil moisture and heat-health alerts, on LoRaWAN across the city, so cooling and watering go where people suffer most.The full field →Specialized fieldStreets and mobility
Counts of people, bikes and vehicles, speeds, kerb use and junction safety by camera and radar processed at the edge, on private 5G and fibre, so streets are planned on evidence and privacy is kept.The full field →Specialized fieldWaste and street services
Bin fill levels, collection routes, transfer station gas and weather, on LoRaWAN across the city, so crews empty what is full and the waste record follows from the work.The full field →Specialized fieldNoise and the night-time city
Class 1 noise monitoring at hot spots, event classification at the edge for nightlife, construction and traffic, with weather, on cellular, so complaints are answered with evidence and noise plans work.The full field →Bring us the site.
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