Meteorology (WMO No. 8 classes).

Technologies

• Air temperature and humidity Ventilated, shielded thermometers and hygrometers sited and exposed to WMO practice.
• Atmospheric pressure Barometers for weather, altimetry correction and storm surge analysis.
• Surface wind Cup, vane and ultrasonic anemometers at standard heights with exposure corrections.
• Precipitation Weighing, tipping-bucket and optical gauges with wind shields, including solid precipitation.
• Radiation and sunshine Pyranometers, pyrheliometers, pyrgeometers and sunshine recorders for energy and climate.
• Visibility, cloud and present weather Forward-scatter visibility sensors, ceilometers and present-weather sensors for aviation and roads.
• Siting classification Classes for the exposure of each instrument so data users know how representative a site is.
• Automatic weather stations Integrated stations with loggers, power and telemetry, run unattended for years.
• Cryosphere: snow, ice and permafrost Snow depth and water equivalent, ice thickness and ground temperature profiles.
• Upper-air and boundary-layer profiling Radiosondes, wind profilers, microwave radiometers and wind lidar for vertical structure.