Power budgets and energy.

Technologies

• Duty-cycle and airtime limits Regulatory limits on transmit time and power that cap message rate per device.
• Energy budget modelling Sleep current, transmit energy, sensor warm-up and temperature effects added up to a battery life.
• Device classes and listening modes Class A, B and C trade-offs between downlink latency and battery life.
• Energy harvesting Small solar, thermal and vibration harvesters that remove or extend battery replacement.
• Supercapacitor buffering Short-term storage for transmit peaks and cold-temperature operation.