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StoriesSystem: End to end

An observation grid, end to end

An observation is not a reading. It is a reading with a place, a time, a calibration and a path that anyone can follow back. An observing grid is the machinery that keeps those attached from the sensor to the archive, the idea behind the World Meteorological Organization’s integrated observing system1.

Systems
Sensors, Access networks, Edge admission, Federation
Toward 2030
Interoperable national and global networks
Figures
4, field scene, systems diagram, simulator, layer stack

Go to the references

01Field scene

One site, every layer of the grid.

On a real valley, a cell site, a weather station, a radar and a seismic vault report to an edge node that admits each reading: it checks the sender, stamps the time and records the calibration in force. From there the observation is published, not just stored.

Figure as text: A valley site with four instrument types and an edge node

An alpine valley from elevation data with a cell site, weather station, radar, seismic vault and edge node, joined by dashed red links.

  • Edge admission
  • Cell site
  • Weather
  • Radar
  • Seismic

02Systems diagram

Four tiers, one path.

Sensors reach the grid through whatever access fits the site: a low-power network for probes, a private cell for cameras, a satellite where nothing else reaches. The edge admits and times; federation shares across agencies through open interfaces23. Fail a part to see how the paths reroute and what is lost.

Figure as text: The observing grid from sensor to federation

A four-tier diagram: sensors, access networks, edge nodes and federated services, with red routes from every sensor to the archive and the alerting service.

  • Sensors: Weather, Gauge, Camera, Seismic, Soil probe
  • Access: LPWAN, Private 5G, Satellite
  • Edge: Edge A, Edge B
  • Federation: Archive, Alerting

15 links. Scenarios: Normal operation; Edge A lost; LPWAN gateway lost.

03Simulator

Sizing a grid.

How many sites does an area need, and how much data does it make? With hexagonal cells the arithmetic is simple, and it opens the conversation with any agency planning a network. Set the area, the cell radius, the sensor density and the reporting interval.

Figure as text: Sites and data volume for an observing grid

A hexagonal grid of cells with the centre cell in red and the computed site count.

Sites and data volume for an observing grid, at the starting values
Area to cover400 km²
Cell radius3 km
Sensors per km²20
Report interval300 s
Sites (hexagonal layout)18
Sensors8,000
Data per day at 64 bytes a report147.5 MB

04Layer stack

What the grid publishes.

A grid publishes layers that register with each other: terrain, imagery, infrastructure, the stations and an analysis grid on which observations are aggregated. Catalogues describe them so they can be found4.

Figure as text: The published layers of an observing grid

An exploded stack of terrain, imagery, infrastructure, stations, an analysis grid and a raster field.

  1. Terrain
  2. Imagery
  3. Infrastructure
  4. Stations: Red: reporting now.
  5. Analysis grid
  6. Analysed field

Figure 1

Field scene

Figure 1. A valley site with four instrument types and an edge node. An alpine valley from elevation data with a cell site, weather station, radar, seismic vault and edge node, joined by dashed red links.

References

  1. Manual on the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WMO-No. 1160). World Meteorological Organization, 2023.
  2. OGC API – Features – Part 1: Core. Open Geospatial Consortium, 2019.
  3. WMO Information System 2.0 (WIS2). World Meteorological Organization, 2025.
  4. SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog specification 1.0.0. STAC community, 2021.

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Where this applies

Observatory ProtocolSensors & instrumentsConnectivityEdge compute & AIData & licensingTraining and enablementClimatePublic safetyResearchGovernmentEducationField tour: mountain valleyField tour: river basin