{"id":7,"date":"2026-10-29T00:03:15","date_gmt":"2026-10-29T00:03:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/space\/ntn-and-direct-to-device\/"},"modified":"2026-10-29T00:03:15","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T00:03:15","slug":"ntn-and-direct-to-device","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/space\/ntn-and-direct-to-device\/","title":{"rendered":"NTN and direct-to-device"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/kit.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/i18n.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/ins\/ins.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/chrome.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/tpl.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/view-area.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<div class=\"nxo-view\" data-nxo-view=\"area\" data-nxo-bundle=\"d0c6e698a0a7\"><div class=\"nxo-ssr\" data-nxo-snap><header><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a> <nav aria-label=\"Network\"><a href=\"\/\">Main site<\/a><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Protocol<\/a><a href=\"\/spectrum\/\">Spectrum<\/a><\/nav> <a href=\"\/sign-in\/\">Sign in<\/a><a href=\"\/register\/\">Create account<\/a> <nav aria-label=\"Space and satellite systems\"><a href=\"\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a> <\/nav> <\/header> <main><section><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><p>\/<\/p><a href=\"\/space\/\">Space and satellite systems<\/a><p>\/<\/p><b>NTN and direct-to-device<\/b> <h1>3GPP non-terrestrial networks, from orbit to handset.<\/h1> <p>NTN and direct-to-device, inside Space and satellite systems: transparent (bent-pipe) payloads, regenerative payloads and on-board processing, multibeam and digitally beamformed payloads, 5G NR over satellite (NR-NTN) and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from 3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) to 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions), and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.<\/p> <a href=\"\/contact\/\">Plan with us<\/a><span>Architecture<\/span><a href=\"\/protocol\/specification\/\">The protocol<\/a> <dl><dt>Technologies<\/dt><dd>9<\/dd> <dt>At the frontier<\/dt><dd>3<\/dd> <dt>Protocol functions<\/dt><dd>5 of 8<\/dd> <dt>Industries served<\/dt><dd>10<\/dd> <\/dl> <p>Reference design, drawn to scale \u00b7 drag to turn \u00b7 hover a part<\/p> <\/section> <section><p><b>01<\/b>What it is<\/p> <h2>Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device.<\/h2><p>The space segment end to end: orbits and constellations, spacecraft buses, communications and Earth observation payloads, inter-satellite links, tracking and command, space safety, launch, and the licensing and filings that let a system operate over a site. Each technology below carries what it is, what we do with it, and the standard it is drawn against.<\/p> <article><p>Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Transparent (bent-pipe) payloads<\/h3><p>Payloads that frequency-translate and amplify signals, keeping the gNB or hub on the ground.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) \u00b7 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)<\/p><\/article><article><p><b>Frontier<\/b> \u00b7 Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Regenerative payloads and on-board processing<\/h3><p>Payloads that demodulate, route or run base-station functions in orbit, cutting gateway dependence and latency.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>3GPP Rel-19 NR NTN enhancements (regenerative payload) \u00b7 3GPP TS 38.300<\/p><\/article><article><p>Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Multibeam and digitally beamformed payloads<\/h3><p>Hundreds of steerable spot beams with flexible power and bandwidth that follow demand across a coverage area.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>ETSI EN 302 307-2 (DVB-S2X) \u00b7 Rec. ITU-R S.1503<\/p><\/article><article><p>Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>5G NR over satellite (NR-NTN)<\/h3><p>3GPP NR adapted for satellite delay and Doppler so standard 5G devices and cores work over orbiting access.<\/p><p>We design, integrate, deploy and operate.<\/p><p>3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) \u00b7 3GPP TS 38.101-5 (UE RF, satellite access) \u00b7 3GPP TS 38.108 (satellite access node radio)<\/p><\/article><article><p>Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>IoT over satellite (NB-IoT and LTE-M NTN)<\/h3><p>Low-power cellular IoT over satellite for sensors in places with no terrestrial coverage.<\/p><p>We design, integrate, deploy and operate.<\/p><p>3GPP TR 36.763 (IoT NTN study) \u00b7 3GPP TS 36.300 (Rel-17)<\/p><\/article><article><p><b>Frontier<\/b> \u00b7 Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Direct-to-device in mobile bands<\/h3><p>Satellites serving unmodified phones in terrestrial mobile spectrum to extend coverage at the edge of networks.<\/p><p>We design, integrate and support.<\/p><p>FCC Supplemental Coverage from Space framework (2024) \u00b7 ITU WRC-27 agenda item 1.13 (Resolution 253 (WRC-23))<\/p><\/article><article><p>Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Mobile satellite services in L and S band<\/h3><p>Narrowband voice, messaging and telemetry links that keep working in severe weather and for safety services.<\/p><p>We integrate, deploy and operate.<\/p><p>ITU RR Art. 5 (MSS allocations) \u00b7 3GPP TS 38.101-5 (NTN bands n255, n256)<\/p><\/article><article><p><b>Frontier<\/b> \u00b7 Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Store-and-forward satellite IoT<\/h3><p>Satellites that collect data when out of gateway view and deliver later, suited to sparse sensor networks.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>3GPP Rel-19 IoT NTN store-and-forward<\/p><\/article><article><p>Satellite and space systems<\/p><h3>Satellite broadcast and multicast<\/h3><p>One-to-many delivery of content, software updates and alerts across wide areas.<\/p><p>We design, integrate and operate.<\/p><p>ETSI EN 302 307-1 (DVB-S2) \u00b7 3GPP TS 23.247 (5G multicast-broadcast)<\/p><\/article> <\/section> <section><p><b>02<\/b>Architecture<\/p> <h2>Where it sits, and what it speaks.<\/h2> <p>NTN and direct-to-device draws on 3 domains and 24 layers of the spectrum; the highlighted layers carry this area. It speaks 5 of the protocol&#8217;s 8 core functions.<\/p> <p>Orbits and constellations<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Spacecraft buses and platforms<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Inter-satellite and space-to-ground links<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>Earth observation payload classes<\/p><p>10<\/p> <p>Tracking, telemetry and command and space safety<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Launch, licensing and regulation<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Frontier and research<\/p><p>6<\/p> <p>Gateways and teleports<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>User terminals<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Baseband, modems and software-defined radio<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>CCSDS protocol stacks<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Mission control and flight dynamics<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>Data downlink, processing and distribution<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Earth station spectrum coordination and interference<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>01<b>Join<\/b>Identity, attestation quote, signed policy.<\/p><p>02<b>Admit<\/b>Admitted for a stated scope, nothing wider.<\/p><p>03<b>Describe<\/b>What, where, how and by whom, with calibration.<\/p><p>04<b>Time<\/b>One clock across the grid, with its error bound.<\/p><p>05<b>Observe<\/b>Every value with quality and provenance.<\/p><p>06<b>Qualify<\/b>Tested against the specification, state on record.<\/p><p>07<b>Federate<\/b>Signed exchange across grids and trust domains.<\/p><p>08<b>Orchestrate<\/b>Software and configuration by signed plan.<\/p> <\/section> <section><p><b>03<\/b>On the grid<\/p> <h2>Every site joins one observing grid.<\/h2><p>The open networks on the grid today, over real relief and the geodesic cells we count them into, filtered to the space domain this area serves. A site built here enrols into the same grid.<\/p> <\/section> <section><p><b>04<\/b>In the field<\/p> <h2>Where this runs, sector by sector.<\/h2> <p>6 deployment scenarios from the sector research that rely on ntn and direct-to-device.<\/p> <a href=\"\/sectors\/public-safety\/\">Government and public safety <h3>Deployable communications and sensing for incident command<\/h3>A cell on wheels with satellite backhaul, mesh telemetry and environment nodes at the incident base.<\/a><a href=\"\/sectors\/humanitarian\/\">Development and humanitarian <h3>School connectivity with a school observatory<\/h3>Satellite or fixed wireless, school Wi-Fi, an open connectivity probe and an optional station.<\/a><a href=\"\/sectors\/humanitarian\/\">Development and humanitarian <h3>Displacement-site connectivity and sensing<\/h3>Point-to-multipoint wireless, satellite backhaul, solar and water-point sensors with protection safeguards.<\/a><a href=\"\/sectors\/scientific\/\">Scientific <h3>Ocean and coastal low-cost buoy arrays<\/h3>Satellite-backhauled wave buoys accepted in a national programme trial.<\/a><a href=\"\/sectors\/transport\/\">Transport <h3>Highway corridor mobile coverage for safety<\/h3>Small cells and satellite backhaul along unserved roads.<\/a><a href=\"\/sectors\/public-safety\/\">Government and public safety <h3>National GBON surface and upper-air network<\/h3>WMO-grade stations reporting through WIS 2.0, funded through the systematic-observations financing pathway.<\/a> <\/section> <section><p><b>05<\/b>Open and enterprise<\/p> <h2>Open by default. Enterprise by contract.<\/h2> <p>The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.<\/p> <p>Open, on the main site<\/p><ul><li>Orbit and pass methods<\/li><li>Payload class catalogue<\/li><li>Ground-station interfaces on the protocol<\/li><\/ul><p>Enterprise, on this site<\/p><ul><li>Mission and payload integration<\/li><li>Tasking and downlink services<\/li><li>Non-terrestrial backhaul for remote sites<\/li><\/ul> <\/section> <section><p><b>06<\/b>The rest of the line<\/p> <h2>Space and satellite systems, area by area.<\/h2> <a href=\"\/space\/constellations-and-orbits\/\">Space and satellite systems <h3>Constellations and orbits<\/h3>LEO, MEO and GEO, sized to revisit and coverage.<\/a><a href=\"\/space\/spacecraft-and-payloads\/\">Space and satellite systems <h3>Spacecraft and payloads<\/h3>Buses and optical, radar and RF payload classes.<\/a><a href=\"\/space\/tasking-and-downlink\/\">Space and satellite systems <h3>Tasking and downlink<\/h3>Request, schedule, receive and process: one chain.<\/a><a href=\"\/space\/space-safety\/\">Space and satellite systems <h3>Space safety<\/h3>Tracking, telemetry and command, conjunction awareness.<\/a><a href=\"\/space\/licensing-and-spectrum\/\">Space and satellite systems <h3>Licensing and spectrum<\/h3>Filings, coordination and earth-station rules, by country.<\/a> <\/section> <section><h2>Bring us the site.<\/h2><p>Survey, design, deployment and operation for ntn and direct-to-device. The form names who receives your details.<\/p> <a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><a href=\"mailto:contact@observatory.global?subject=Space%20and%20satellite%20systems%3A%20NTN%20and%20direct-to-device\">contact@observatory.global<\/a> <\/section> <\/main> <footer><p><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><b>Space and satellite systems<\/b>. From orbit to the ground, on one protocol.<a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><\/p><p>Space and satellite systems<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/space\/constellations-and-orbits\/\">Constellations and orbits<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/spacecraft-and-payloads\/\">Spacecraft and payloads<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/ntn-and-direct-to-device\/\">NTN and direct-to-device<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/tasking-and-downlink\/\">Tasking and downlink<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/space-safety\/\">Space safety<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/licensing-and-spectrum\/\">Licensing and spectrum<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Technologies<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/satellite\/orbits-and-constellations\/\">Orbits and constellations<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/satellite\/spacecraft-buses-and-platforms\/\">Spacecraft buses and platforms<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ground\/gateways-and-teleports\/\">Gateways and teleports<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ground\/user-terminals\/\">User terminals<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/eo\/platforms-and-orbits\/\">Platforms and orbits<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/eo\/optical-spectral-and-thermal-sensors\/\">Optical, spectral and thermal sensors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Industries<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/humanitarian\/\">Humanitarian<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/climate\/\">Climate<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Nature<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/oceans\/\">Oceans<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/agriculture\/\">Agriculture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecom<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Service platforms<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/grid-services\/\">Protocol &amp; Grid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/software\/\">Software<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/\">Hardware &amp; power<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><\/ul> <p>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Legal\"><a href=\"\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a><a href=\"\/privacy-choices\/\">Cookie settings<\/a><a href=\"\/credits\/\">Data credits<\/a><\/nav> <\/footer>\n<\/div><!--\/nxo-ssr--><main id=\"main\">\n<section class=\"th tsub\" id=\"hero\">\n  <div class=\"w\"><div class=\"copy\">\n    <div class=\"crumb\" id=\"crumb\"><\/div>\n    <h1 id=\"h1\">3GPP non-terrestrial networks, from orbit to handset.<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"lede\" id=\"lede\">NTN and direct-to-device, inside Space and satellite systems: transparent (bent-pipe) payloads, regenerative payloads and on-board processing, multibeam and digitally beamformed payloads, 5G NR over satellite (NR-NTN) and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from 3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) to 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions), and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cta\" id=\"cta\"><\/div>\n    <dl class=\"facts\" id=\"facts\"><\/dl>\n  <\/div><\/div>\n  <p class=\"cap\" id=\"cap\"><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"what\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>01<\/b><i><\/i>What it is<\/div>\n  <h2 id=\"wh\"><\/h2><p class=\"sub\" id=\"ws\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"g3\" id=\"items\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"arch\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>02<\/b><i><\/i>Architecture<\/div>\n  <h2>Where it sits, and what it speaks.<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"sub\" id=\"as\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"lay\"><div class=\"stack\" id=\"stack\" aria-label=\"Layers\"><\/div><div><div class=\"fnrow\" id=\"fns\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"grid\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>03<\/b><i><\/i>On the grid<\/div>\n  <h2 id=\"gh\"><\/h2><p class=\"sub\" id=\"gs\"><\/p>\n  <div id=\"gv\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"sectors\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>04<\/b><i><\/i>In the field<\/div>\n  <h2>Where this runs, sector by sector.<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"sub\" id=\"ss\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"g3\" id=\"scn\"><\/div>\n  <div id=\"nsw\" hidden><h3 class=\"nsh\" style=\"margin-top:32px\">Network scenes, computed in the place.<\/h3><p class=\"sub\" id=\"nss\"><\/p><div class=\"g3\" id=\"nsc\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"open\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>05<\/b><i><\/i>Open and enterprise<\/div>\n  <h2>Open by default. Enterprise by contract.<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"sub\">The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"two\"><div><span class=\"eyebrow\">Open, on the main site<\/span><ul id=\"op\"><\/ul><\/div><div><span class=\"eyebrow\">Enterprise, on this site<\/span><ul id=\"en\"><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"more\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>06<\/b><i><\/i>The rest of the line<\/div>\n  <h2 id=\"mh\"><\/h2>\n  <div class=\"g3\" id=\"sib\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"contact\" style=\"border-bottom:0\"><div class=\"w\"><div class=\"contact\"><div><h2>Bring us the site.<\/h2><p id=\"sell\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"cta\"><a class=\"btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" data-size=\"lg\" href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><a class=\"btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" data-size=\"lg\" id=\"mail\"><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/main><noscript><nav class=\"nxo-related\" aria-labelledby=\"nxo-related-h\"><div class=\"w\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Across the network<\/p><h2 id=\"nxo-related-h\">Related on Nexus Observatory<\/h2><div class=\"nxo-related-g\"><section><h3>Space and satellite systems<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/space\/\">Space and satellite systems overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/constellations-and-orbits\/\">Constellations and orbits<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/spacecraft-and-payloads\/\">Spacecraft and payloads<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/tasking-and-downlink\/\">Tasking and downlink<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/space-safety\/\">Space safety<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/licensing-and-spectrum\/\">Licensing and spectrum<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Industries served<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety and emergency management<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/humanitarian\/\">Humanitarian and development<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/climate\/\">Climate and atmosphere<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Forests, land and biodiversity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/oceans\/\">Oceans, coasts and maritime<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/agriculture\/\">Agriculture and food<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecommunications and digital infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/transport\/\">Transport and logistics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/research\/\">Science and research<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/insurance\/\">Insurance and finance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Technology domains<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/satellite\/\">Satellite and space systems<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ground\/\">Ground segment<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/eo\/\">Remote sensing and Earth observation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Related platforms<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation &amp; GeoAI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/data-products\/\">Data &amp; licensing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/\">Digital twins and simulation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/\">Field services<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/labs\/\">Frontier labs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/nav><footer class=\"legal\"><div class=\"w\"><div>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/div><div><b>Legal<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy notice<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms of use<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Cookie policy<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/official-languages\/\">Official languages<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/notices\/\">Notices<\/a><\/div><div><b>Company<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/about\/\">About<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/consortium\/\">Stewardship<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/footer><\/noscript><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"nxo-config\">{\"base\":\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/\",\"search\":\"?l=space\\u0026r=ntn-and-direct-to-device\",\"view\":\"area\",\"links\":{\"$comment\":\"Network link map with the industry sites as main-site hubs (docs\/28 option): industry pages under \/industries\/{id}\/, platforms on their subsites. 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