--- title: "Railways monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "A railway runs through cuttings, embankments, viaducts and culverts that weather and water work on every day. Track-side sensors for slopes, water…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/transport/rail/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Transport](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/fields/) / **Railways** # Railways, watched along every kilometre. A railway runs through cuttings, embankments, viaducts and culverts that weather and water work on every day. Track-side sensors for slopes, water, rail temperature and structures report over the railway's own network to one record the control centre and the infrastructure engineers trust. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Transport **Measurements**: 6 **Sources cited**: 7 At a glance ## Scope the route and its risks The scope reads the route's earthwork and drainage risk registers, structures of concern, heat and weather history and the railway's network plans. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan by section, the radio design on the railway's own network, the integration with control and asset systems and a price per point and per service. The problem ### The line between the stations Most of a railway is cuttings, embankments, culverts and bridges far from any station. Heavy rain softens a slope, a culvert blocks, a rail heats in the sun. Railways that see these changes along the line can restrict only where needed and keep trains running everywhere else. Key facts **Instruments**: Inclinometers · Culvert levels · Track-side weather · Rail temperature · Structure sensors **Links**: Private LTE · Fibre · LoRaWAN **Drawn against**: EN 50126 · EN 50121 · EN 13848 · ISO 16587 · FRMCS Components - Pole-mounted edge gateway node - In-place inclinometer string in a borehole - Automatic weather station (AWS) to WMO siting practice - Station camera - Private LTE mast on a solar skid - "AI tower in a box" - PTP grandmaster clock with GNSS antenna - Hardware security module, 1U, in an edge rack Interfaces **Instruments**: SDI-12 · RS-485 / Modbus RTU · 4–20 mA **Radio**: Ethernet · LTE-M / NB-IoT · LoRaWAN **Time and position**: GNSS 1PPS **Security**: TPM 2.0 **Publishing**: MQTT Where it works - Slopes, water, rails and structures - The railway's own network - For controllers and engineers In the story below 1. The system, part by part 2. Assembly 3. Installation 4. Deployment 5. Connections 6. Operation 7. Failure and recovery 8. Scale and federation 9. What you get Scenes · 17 Next steps [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Field Deployment Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 1. Transport · Railways The line between the stations Most of a railway is cuttings, embankments, culverts and bridges far from any station. Heavy rain softens a slope, a culvert blocks, a rail heats in the sun. Railways that see these changes along the line can restrict only where needed and keep trains running everywhere else. 2. From order to operation · Order Scope the route and its risks The scope reads the route's earthwork and drainage risk registers, structures of concern, heat and weather history and the railway's network plans. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan by section, the radio design on the railway's own network, the integration with control and asset systems and a price per point and per service. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. What is measured Slopes, water, rails and structures Inclinometers and tilt sensors follow cuttings and embankments; level sensors watch culverts and drains; track-side stations measure rain, wind and temperature; sensors on the rail read its temperature; accelerometers record viaducts as trains pass. Recording runs measure track geometry along the whole line. InstrumentsInclinometers · Culvert levels · Track-side weather · Rail temperature · Structure sensors 4. The base node A node in the line-side cabinet Each cabinet's node reads its sensors, signs every value and keeps it through a lost link. It compares slope movement with rainfall and raises an alert when movement accelerates, flags culverts filling and rails heating, and records a structure's response to each passing train. 5. From order to operation · Build Build to railway rules Sensors, nodes, cabinets and radios are built to the railway's product approval, tested together and enrolled with their identities. Alert thresholds come from the earthwork, drainage and heat plans, and every part is labelled with its location by line and position. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 6. Radio and links The railway's own network Track-side points use the railway's own mobile network along the line, which also serves operational voice and data. Line-side fibre links equipment rooms, stations and the network's sites, and small battery sensors on slopes and culverts reach a gateway in a nearby cabinet over LoRaWAN. LinksPrivate LTE · Fibre · LoRaWAN 7. From order to operation · Commission Test the alert to control Each node proves its identity on the railway's network. Inclinometers take their baseline, levels are checked against a dip, rail temperature against a reference and structure sensors against a passing train. Alerts are tested end to end to the control centre and the engineer on call. 8. How it works From a moving slope to a speed restriction An inclinometer in a cutting reads movement after a night of rain. The cabinet node signs it, sees the movement accelerating and sends an alert over the railway's network to route control. Control applies a speed restriction, the engineer inspects, and the record keeps every step. 9. From order to operation · Permits Possessions and product approval Every visit to the line needs a possession or safe system of work booked with the infrastructure manager. Equipment beside the track is accepted under the railway's product approval, including electromagnetic compatibility. Data sharing with operators is agreed in writing. 10. Evidence Safety cases on evidence Every reading, alert, restriction and inspection is signed and kept. Equipment meets railway safety and electromagnetic rules, structure monitoring follows ISO practice, track geometry follows the European standard, and the records support the route's safety case, so an assessor can trace every decision. Drawn againstEN 50126 · EN 50121 · EN 13848 · ISO 16587 · FRMCS 11. Data products For controllers and engineers Route controllers receive earthwork, culvert and rail temperature alerts; geotechnical, drainage and track engineers receive the series behind them; structures engineers receive response records; weather services receive track-side observations where agreed. Each product carries its location by line and position. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 12. From order to operation · Operate Restrict only where the evidence says Controllers see slope movement, culvert levels, rail temperatures and weather along the route. Speed restrictions and closures are applied where the evidence calls for them and lifted when it clears, and engineers plan works from trends. Every decision is logged with its readings. 13. From order to operation · Survey Walk the line in possession Crews walk sections during booked possessions with the infrastructure manager's engineers to place points on slopes, in culverts, on rails and on structures. They check coverage of the railway's network, cabinet sites and power, and record safe access points away from running lines. 14. From order to operation · Install Install in the night possession Crews install during night possessions: inclinometers in boreholes on slopes, level sensors in culverts, rail temperature sensors on the rail, accelerometers on structures and nodes in line-side cabinets. Each point is located and photographed, and the line is handed back on time. 15. From order to operation · Maintain Check in the regular possessions Points are checked during regular possessions: sensors cleaned, culvert sensors cleared of debris, inclinometers read manually against the record and batteries changed on plan. Every change is recorded, so earthwork series stay continuous through renewals. Spares are held at the depot, so a failed point is replaced in the next possession. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 16. What you get Transport and logistics corridor sensing Road weather, rail condition, port and cold-chain sensing along corridors, with connectivity where coverage ends. For railways, it goes to transport agencies, rail and port operators and logistics firms as a managed service or a data licence, sized to the sites they run. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan railways with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules railways answers to, with a map if you have one. An engineer replies with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for railways, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Field Deployment Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) More presentations ## See it from every side. Each opens as a full-screen presentation: deeper pages on the same subject, explainers, stories, guided tours of the places, network scenes and the observatories that came before. [All presentations](https://observatory.global/presentations/) ### In depth [Specialized field · Transport **Roads and bridges** Before the driver finds out](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/roads-bridges/) [Specialized field · Transport **Ports and terminals** Cranes, ships and neighbours](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/ports/) [Specialized field · Transport **Airports** The runway and the town](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/airports/) [Specialized field · Transport **Road and rail tunnels** Everything inside is made](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/tunnels/) [Specialized field · Transport **Urban transit** The service riders feel](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/urban-transit/) [Specialized field · Transport **Inland waterways and locks** Water under the keel](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/waterways/) [Sector **Transport**](https://observatory.global/sectors/transport/) [ISIC section · ISIC G **Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles**](https://observatory.global/industries/g-wholesale-and-retail-trade-repair-of-motor-vehicles-and/) [Use case **Road weather corridor node**](https://observatory.global/use-cases/rwis-corridor/) [Use case **Community cellular and sensing**](https://observatory.global/use-cases/community-cellular/) ### Explainers [Explainer · Transport **Transport — Sectors** Road weather, corridor station spacing, small-airport weather, port met-ocean with vessel tracking and highway coverage: an interactive explainer with the method behind every…](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/explainer/) [Explainer · Protocol & Grid **Protocol and grid, explained** How an observing grid is assembled on the open protocol, in twelve interactive chapters: admission, qualification, sites, federation, plan compilation and the evidence ledger,…](https://observatory.global/grid-services/explainer/) [Explainer · Cities **Cities** Hybrid air-quality calibration, street-flood and heat sensing, privacy-first traffic counts and the city-wide radio layer.](https://observatory.global/industries/cities/explainer/) [Platform **Sensors & instruments** A number without its story](https://observatory.global/sensors/) [Platform **Edge compute & AI** The archive is too late](https://observatory.global/edge-ai/) ### Stories [Story · 6G and sensing **Networks that sense** The framework for 6G names integrated sensing and communication as one of its usage scenarios: the same radio that carries data also measures range,…](https://observatory.global/stories/sensing-networks-6g/) [Story · Edge AI inference **Deciding at the edge** A model that detects smoke, flooding or a fault is most useful where the frame is captured. Running inference at the edge cuts the time to a decision and…](https://observatory.global/stories/edge-ai/) [Story · Ocean **The ocean below the surface** Most of the ocean’s heat lies below what satellites can see. Profiling floats drifting at depth and surfacing to report have measured it routinely since the…](https://observatory.global/stories/ocean/) ### Places and networks [Guided tour · Guided 3D tour **Offshore and ocean** A moored met-ocean buoy and a profiling float report through a satellite pass overhead; the red link is the uplink.](https://observatory.global/environments/offshore-ocean/) [Guided tour · Guided 3D tour **Coastal port** Coastal radar and AIS watch the approach, a met-ocean buoy reports the sea state, and crane-side edge compute closes the control loop on a private network.](https://observatory.global/environments/coastal-port/) [Guided tour · Guided 3D tour **Alpine valley** A snow-depth and avalanche radar station above the tree line, a GNSS monument on a spur and a seismometer vault by the village.](https://observatory.global/environments/alpine-valley/) [Network scene · Private 5G · Port **Private 5G at a container port** Small cells on the yard lighting masts and a sector site on the operations building serve remote-controlled cranes and trucks among steel container stacks.](https://observatory.global/environments/networks/private5g-port/) ### Heritage observatories [Heritage observatory · Germany · 1781 **Hohenpeißenberg Meteorological Observatory** A mountain-top weather station in Bavaria that has recorded without a break since 1 January 1781, started as a node of the first international weather society.](https://observatory.global/observatories/hohenpeissenberg/) [Heritage observatory · World ocean · 1999 **Argo profiling float array** About four thousand small robots drift through the oceans, sinking to 2,000 metres every ten days and rising to report temperature and salinity by satellite.](https://observatory.global/observatories/argo-float-array/) ### Interactive tools [Interactive tool · Configure a station **Station Builder** Configure a station part by part in 3D, check the rules as you go and request a quote for the assembly.](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating context Infrastructure managers maintain track, earthworks, structures, drainage and level crossings on lines where trains run most of the day. Heat buckles rails, rain triggers slope failures and floods culverts, and wind and snow close lines. Equipment beside the track must meet railway safety and electromagnetic rules, and railways are moving to their own mobile networks. Hazards - Cutting and embankment failures after heavy rain - Culvert and drainage flooding - Rail buckling in heat - Wind, snow and ice on exposed lines - Work beside running trains **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Earthwork movement | Inclinometers and tilt sensors in high-risk cuttings and embankments | Continuous, faster after heavy rain | 12 | | Rainfall and track-side weather | Stations along exposed and high-risk sections | Continuous | 3 | | Water level in culverts and drains | Culverts, cess drains and flood-prone sections | Continuous | 4 | | Rail temperature | Sensors on the rail at representative and exposed sites | Continuous through hot spells | 2 | | Structure vibration | Viaducts and bridges of concern | Continuous, with recording on each train | 5 | | Track geometry | The whole line, from recording runs | On the infrastructure manager's schedule | 6 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A track-side point: slope, water, rail temperature or structure sensors read by a node in a cabinet that signs every value. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A route section: points along it on the railway's mobile network, with fibre at stations and equipment rooms. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet Every point of a route run as one fleet, with one calibration process and one record. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Infrastructure managers, operators and weather services exchange alerts and series through open standards. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Vibration and condition monitor - **02** Compact weather station - **03** Water level gauge - **04** Fixed camera - **05** Edge node (Wedge) - **06** Cellular modem/router - **07** Small cell (4G/5G) - **08** 5G core appliance (UPF/core) - **09** Fibre terminal - **10** Solar array Radio and links ### Private LTE The railway's own mobile network along the line carries track-side data, and its successor serves operational voice and data. Radio and links ### Fibre Line-side fibre links equipment rooms, stations and the mobile network's sites. Radio and links ### LoRaWAN Small battery sensors on slopes and culverts reach a gateway in a line-side cabinet. Edge compute Each cabinet's node watches slope movement against rainfall, raises alerts when movement accelerates, flags culverts filling and rails heating toward their limits, and records structure vibration as each train passes. Power Cabinets draw from line-side power where it exists, otherwise solar with batteries sized for winter; battery sensors on slopes run for years. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Railways: data path – of 09 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity and calibration 02 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with time quality – Measure quality and uncertainty, attach quality flags – Buffer locally (store-and-forward when the link drops) 03 Field radio 04 Radio access 05 Core network 06 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox and publish, delivered at least once 07 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applies each record once into governed data 08 Data store Governed product through API, map or export, correction-aware 09 Products OGC SensorThings API EN 50126 FRMCS 10 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC to the field equipment 01 Vibration and condition monitor Analogue I/O · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Water level gauge SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 Fixed camera Ethernet 05 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 · BMC 06 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 07 Small cell (4G/5G) Ethernet · Fibre · GNSS antenna · 1PPS/10 MHz 08 5G core appliance (UPF/core) Ethernet · Fibre · BMC 09 Fibre terminal Fibre · Ethernet Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Earthwork movement alerts Culvert and flooding alarms Rail temperature watch Structure response records 10 Solar array RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 Ethernet Ethernet LTE/NR Ethernet Fibre Fibre From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Vibration and condition monitor** Accelerometer-based vibration and temperature sensor for rotating machinery and structural condition monitoring. | Analogue I/O RS-485 Ethernet | Modbus, OPC UA, MQTT 5 | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12 RS-485 Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Water level gauge** Radar, pressure or float gauge for river, lake, reservoir or tide level. | SDI-12 RS-485 Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 04 | **Fixed camera** Fixed visible-light camera for site security, scene monitoring and machine vision. | Ethernet | RTSP with ONVIF profiles, MQTT 5 | PoE | | 05 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | Ethernet Fibre USB RS-485 BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 06 | **Cellular modem/router** LTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | Ethernet USB RS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 07 | **Small cell (4G/5G)** Integrated base station (radio, baseband, antenna) for private LTE or NR on a local licence, shared-spectrum or leased route. A CBRS CBSD is a small cell that also registers with a spectrum access system. | Ethernet Fibre GNSS antenna 1PPS/10 MHz | 3GPP NR air interface, 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, IEEE 1588 PTP, O-RAN E2, A1, O1 | PoE, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 08 | **5G core appliance (UPF/core)** Local 5G standalone core with user-plane function and local breakout, so site traffic stays on site. | Ethernet Fibre BMC | 3GPP 5G core service-based interfaces, DMTF Redfish | AC mains, 48 V DC | | 09 | **Fibre terminal** Optical network terminal or media converter that lands fibre backhaul at a site. | Fibre Ethernet | IEEE 1588 PTP | 12 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 10 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whose measurements are ingested with calibration, units, geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, rugged appliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satellite terminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable local governance and failure domain: one or more nodes plus local network, identity, policy, evidence, storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain for scheduling, shared storage, accelerators or data locality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements, convergence evidence, update campaigns and correction propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events or work across approved, independently administered trust domains, using explicit trust, policy, data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the route and its risks The scope reads the route's earthwork and drainage risk registers, structures of concern, heat and weather history and the railway's network plans. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan by section, the radio design on the railway's own network, the integration with control and asset systems and a price per point and per service. 2 2. 02 Survey Walk the line in possession Crews walk sections during booked possessions with the infrastructure manager's engineers to place points on slopes, in culverts, on rails and on structures. They check coverage of the railway's network, cabinet sites and power, and record safe access points away from running lines. 3. 03 Permits Possessions and product approval Every visit to the line needs a possession or safe system of work booked with the infrastructure manager. Equipment beside the track is accepted under the railway's product approval, including electromagnetic compatibility. Data sharing with operators is agreed in writing. 7 4. 04 Build Build to railway rules Sensors, nodes, cabinets and radios are built to the railway's product approval, tested together and enrolled with their identities. Alert thresholds come from the earthwork, drainage and heat plans, and every part is labelled with its location by line and position. 5. 05 Install Install in the night possession Crews install during night possessions: inclinometers in boreholes on slopes, level sensors in culverts, rail temperature sensors on the rail, accelerometers on structures and nodes in line-side cabinets. Each point is located and photographed, and the line is handed back on time. 6. 06 Commission Test the alert to control Each node proves its identity on the railway's network. Inclinometers take their baseline, levels are checked against a dip, rail temperature against a reference and structure sensors against a passing train. Alerts are tested end to end to the control centre and the engineer on call. 7. 07 Operate Restrict only where the evidence says Controllers see slope movement, culvert levels, rail temperatures and weather along the route. Speed restrictions and closures are applied where the evidence calls for them and lifted when it clears, and engineers plan works from trends. Every decision is logged with its readings. 6 8. 08 Maintain Check in the regular possessions Points are checked during regular possessions: sensors cleaned, culvert sensors cleared of debris, inclinometers read manually against the record and batteries changed on plan. Every change is recorded, so earthwork series stay continuous through renewals. Spares are held at the depot, so a failed point is replaced in the next possession. **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Earthwork movement alerts** Route controllers and geotechnical engineers - **Culvert and flooding alarms** Controllers and drainage engineers - **Rail temperature watch** Controllers and track engineers - **Structure response records** Structures engineers Integration - **Route control** Alerts reach control in the formats it already uses, with the readings attached. - **Asset management** Series join each earthwork, culvert and structure's record in the asset system. - **Weather services** Track-side observations are shared through OGC SensorThings where the railway agrees. Exchanged through OGC SensorThings API, EN 50126, FRMCS. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Does the equipment need railway approval? Yes. It is built and installed under the railway's product approval and safety rules. Can it use our mobile network? Yes. Points use the railway's own network, with fibre at equipment rooms. Will it reduce speed restrictions? Restrictions can be targeted where the evidence shows a risk and lifted when it clears. How are crews kept safe? Every visit is made in a booked possession or under the railway's safe system of work. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [ISO 4866: Mechanical vibration and shock, vibration of fixed structures, guidelines for measurement](https://www.iso.org/) International Organization for Standardization 2. **2** [EN 50126: Railway applications, reliability, availability, maintainability and safety](https://www.cencenelec.eu/) European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization 3. **3** [Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 4. **4** [Guide to Hydrological Practices (WMO-No. 168)](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 5. **5** [ISO 16587: Mechanical vibration and shock, performance parameters for condition monitoring of structures](https://www.iso.org/) International Organization for Standardization 6. **6** [EN 13848: Railway applications, track geometry quality](https://www.cencenelec.eu/) European Committee for Standardization 7. **7** [EN 50121: Railway applications, electromagnetic compatibility](https://www.cencenelec.eu/) European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Solution Transport and logistics corridor sensing Road weather, rail condition, port and cold-chain sensing along corridors, with connectivity where coverage ends. Solutions for transport →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/solutions/#corridor-sensing) [Solution Structural and ground-movement monitoring GNSS, InSAR, tilt, strain and fibre sensing on bridges, dams, slopes, tailings and pipelines, with alert thresholds set by the owner. Solutions for transport →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/solutions/#infrastructure-monitoring) [Solution Private Wireless as a Service Standalone private 5G or LTE for a site, campus, port or mine: radios, core, SIMs, spectrum route and operations. Solutions for transport →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/solutions/#private-wireless) **10** Transport: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Roads and bridges Road weather and surface state, traffic counts, bridge vibration and scour, and cameras along the corridor, on cellular and fibre to the traffic centre, for safer winters and evidence-based maintenance. The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/roads-bridges/) [Specialized field Ports and terminals Wind for cranes, water levels and depths, air quality and noise at the boundary, and cameras over the quays, on a private 5G network across the terminal and fibre to the port's systems. The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/ports/) [Specialized field Airports Weather beside the runways, wind shear and visibility support, aircraft noise and air quality in the communities around, on the airport's fibre and private network, alongside the official aviation weather service. The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/airports/) [Specialized field Road and rail tunnels Air quality and visibility, air flow and ventilation, fire detection, cameras and radio coverage inside the tube, on a radiating cable and fibre with an industrial network kept apart from the internet. The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/tunnels/) [Specialized field Urban transit Passenger counts, station air and climate, escalator and lift condition, traction energy and cameras for metros, trams and buses, on private 5G and fibre, with real-time information riders can use. The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/transport/urban-transit/) [Specialized field Inland waterways and locks Water levels and depths, flows at weirs, wind and visibility, and cameras at locks and bridges, on LoRaWAN and cellular along the river, feeding the river information services skippers use. 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