---
title: "Oceans: systems and technologies | Nexus Observatory"
description: "Systems and technologies for oceans, coasts and maritime: CTD profilers, Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ocean), Moored and drifting buoys and Argo-class…"
url: https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/systems/
publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc.
updated: 2026-11-02
---

[Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/)

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[Oceans](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/)

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**Systems and technologies** 

# The systems behind oceans.

The technologies that carry this industry's observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum.

[Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/)

[Use cases](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/use-cases/)

[Open the explainer](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/explainer/)

Reference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn

1. Oceans · Systems and technologies From the coastline to the open ocean Wave buoys and tide gauges, profiling floats and coastal water quality, ports and shipping lanes, and satellite links where no cable runs, with every observation carrying its position, time and quality flag. Needs: waves, tides and sea level, water temperature and salinity, coastal water quality, port and vessel conditions and connectivity at sea.
2. Platform · Sensors & instruments Measurements that carry their own proof Weather and environment stations to WMO practice, RF spectrum sensing in the band, and calibration that is traceable, recorded and repeated. Every value leaves with its metadata, quality flag and provenance. Or buy the observations and leave the hardware to us: Sensing as a Service. [Sensors & instruments](https://observatory.global/sensors/)
3. Platform · Connectivity Private 5G, AI-RAN and orbit, on site Standalone private 5G and O-RAN, AI-RAN on shared accelerated compute, LEO and GEO backhaul and 3GPP direct-to-device, LPWAN and mesh for sensors over kilometres, PTP timing inside the budget, and the spectrum route for each country. Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later. [Connectivity](https://observatory.global/connectivity/)
4. Platform · Data & licensing Grid data, licensed for your use Research, commercial API, enterprise and government tiers, the licence of every source carried through to every product, routes from licensed to open release, and residency fixed by contract. It is delivered and supported by Nexus Observatory Inc. The evidence travels with the data wherever it goes. [Data & licensing](https://observatory.global/data-products/)
5. Platform · Space and satellite systems From orbit to the ground, on one protocol Spacecraft buses and payload classes, constellations sized to revisit and coverage, non-terrestrial networks and 3GPP direct-to-device, tasking and downlink, and space safety from tracking to conjunction awareness. Every pass, product and link carries its provenance into the grid. The same design repeats from the first site to the last. [Space and satellite systems](https://observatory.global/space/)
6. Platform · Earth observation & GeoAI The ground, measured and modelled Ground-segment downlink and processing at the edge, drone and imagery campaigns planned to the ground sample distance, site twins measured in 3D, and GeoAI trained and checked against field truth, with the source and licence of every layer in view. [Earth observation & GeoAI](https://observatory.global/earth-observation/)
7. Platform · Edge compute & AI Inference beside the instrument A modular edge data centre at the foot of the tower, multi-access edge computing one hop from the radio, inference on the live stream, scientific models run where the data lands, and physical AI for drones and robots, inside published red lines. [Edge compute & AI](https://observatory.global/edge-ai/)
8. Platform · Positioning, navigation and timing Where and when, with the error bound GNSS reference stations tied to the geodetic frame, PTP and SyncE time distribution engineered to the budget, grandmasters and holdover that ride through outages, and resilient PNT that finds jamming and spoofing before a timestamp goes wrong. It runs on the open Observatory Protocol, so other providers can join.
9. How it scales One base unit, repeated A programme starts with one base node and the instruments it reads. A station adds power and radio, a site adds a relay, a fleet repeats the proven site across many places, and a network federates fleets through edge and core. Capacity grows by adding units, never by replacing what works.
10. Updates Updates in rings, with rollback Software and configuration reach the fleet in rings: a canary site first, then a few, then all, each ring gated on health and data completeness. A failed gate stops the wave and returns each node to its last good release, without a site visit.
11. Field service One crew, from survey to repair The same crew surveys, installs, commissions, calibrates and repairs, working from the site's own record. Each visit updates it, so the next crew knows exactly what is there, when it was last checked and why it was changed. Spares and references are planned from that history.
12. What you get Ocean and coastal observing Moored buoys, profiling floats, tide and wave gauges, coastal radar and AIS reception with quality-controlled feeds. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for ports, coastal agencies, offshore energy, fisheries. Scale: Coastline to basin. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/)
13. Next step Plan an oceans deployment Tell us the sites, the measurements and the people who will use them. We reply with a design and a scope for oceans. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) [Read the stories](https://observatory.global/stories/)

**01** Remote sensing and Earth observation

## Processing levels and analysis-ready data.

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

### Level 0: raw instrument data

Time-ordered packets as received, with communications artefacts removed.

CCSDS 133.0-B (Space Packet Protocol) · CCSDS 131.0-B (TM synchronisation and channel coding)

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

### Level 1: calibrated and geolocated

Radiometric and geometric corrections applied, sensor units and geolocation attached (L1A, L1B, L1C).

NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · ISO 19115-2 (imagery and gridded data metadata)

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

### Level 2: geophysical variables

Per-scene surface reflectance, temperature, backscatter, water or gas quantities at native resolution.

CEOS ARD product family specifications

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

### Levels 3 and 4: gridded, composited and modelled

Space-time composites on fixed grids, and model or assimilation outputs that fill gaps.

NASA EOSDIS data processing levels · CF Conventions

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

### CEOS analysis-ready data

Products pre-processed to threshold and goal requirements so they can be stacked and compared without expert reprocessing.

CEOS ARD framework and product family specifications

Remote sensing and Earth observation · Processing levels and analysis-ready data

### Atmospheric, terrain and radiometric terrain correction

Removal of atmosphere, illumination and topographic effects so pixels represent the surface.

CEOS ARD Surface Reflectance · CEOS ARD SAR (Normalised Radar Backscatter)

[All 9 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/eo/processing-levels-and-analysis-ready-data/)

**02** In situ sensors and instruments

## RF, acoustics, cameras and radar.

**Frontier** · In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

### Event-based and neuromorphic cameras

Sensors that report changes per pixel at microsecond rates with very low power.

EMVA 1288 (reference for characterisation)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

### Spectrum monitoring receivers

Measured occupancy, interference and emissions across bands at a site.

ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

### Direction finding and emitter geolocation

Locating interference and unknown emitters by angle and time difference of arrival.

ITU-R SM.854 (direction finding) · ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

### Acoustic and noise monitoring

Class 1 sound level meters and microphone arrays for environmental noise and event detection.

IEC 61672-1 (sound level meters) · ISO 1996-2 (environmental noise)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

### EO/IR cameras

Visible and thermal cameras characterised for sensitivity, noise and resolution.

EMVA 1288 (camera characterisation) · ISO 12233 (resolution measurement)

In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar

### PTZ and networked video systems

Pan-tilt-zoom and fixed cameras for wildfire watch, sites and coastlines, with interoperable control.

IEC 62676 series (video surveillance systems) · ONVIF Profiles S, T and M

[All 9 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/rf-acoustics-cameras-and-radar/)

**03** IoT, LPWAN and mesh

## Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks.

**Frontier** · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

### Store-and-forward satellite IoT

Regenerative satellites that hold uplinked data until a ground station is in view.

3GPP Rel-19 IoT-NTN store-and-forward work item

**Frontier** · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

### NR NTN and direct-to-device

5G NR links from satellites to standard devices, including RedCap over NTN in Rel-19.

3GPP TS 38.300 (Rel-17 NR NTN) · 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)

**Frontier** · IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

### LoRa-class links to satellites

LPWAN modulations received by satellites for remote sensors with very small payloads.

LoRaWAN Regional Parameters RP002 (LR-FHSS)

IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

### NB-IoT and LTE-M over satellite (IoT-NTN)

Standard cellular IoT devices reaching satellites where there is no terrestrial coverage.

3GPP TR 36.763 (NB-IoT/eMTC over NTN) · 3GPP TS 36.300 (Rel-17 IoT-NTN)

IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

### Mobile-satellite messaging terminals

L-band and S-band short-burst data terminals for remote stations and alarms.

ITU Radio Regulations (mobile-satellite service)

IoT, LPWAN and mesh · Satellite IoT and non-terrestrial networks

### Satellite terminal licensing

Authorisation of terminals and earth stations country by country.

ISED Radio Standards Specifications (Canada) · ITU Radio Regulations

[All 6 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/iot/satellite-iot-and-non-terrestrial-networks/)

**04** In situ sensors and instruments

## Ocean and coastal.

In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal

### CTD profilers

Conductivity, temperature and depth instruments for salinity and density profiles.

TEOS-10 (thermodynamic equation of seawater) · GO-SHIP hydrographic manual

In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal

### Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ocean)

Moored and hull-mounted profilers for currents through the water column.

IOOS QARTOD manual for in situ currents

In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal

### Moored and drifting buoys

Surface meteorology, waves and sea temperature from moorings and drifters.

WMO/IOC Data Buoy Cooperation Panel practices · IOOS QARTOD manual for waves

In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal

### Argo-class profiling floats

Autonomous floats that profile temperature, salinity and biogeochemistry to depth on a regular cycle.

Argo data management documentation · OceanOPS

In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal

### Tide gauges and sea level

Long-term sea level and storm surge records tied to geodetic benchmarks.

IOC Manuals and Guides 14 (Manual on Sea Level Measurement and Interpretation) · GLOSS

In situ sensors and instruments · Ocean and coastal

### Gliders and uncrewed surface vehicles

Mobile autonomous platforms that sample along tracks for weeks.

GOOS Essential Ocean Variables

[All 7 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/ocean-and-coastal/)

**05** 5G and 6G radio access networks

## Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters.

5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters

### Macro sites

Tower and rooftop base stations that carry wide-area coverage and most traffic.

3GPP TS 38.104 (BS radio transmission and reception) · ANSI/TIA-222 (antenna supporting structures) · CSA S37 (antennas, towers and antenna-supporting structures)

5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters

### Small cells

Medium-range and local-area base stations for capacity hotspots, streets, campuses and indoor spaces.

3GPP TS 38.104 (medium range and local area BS classes) · Small Cell Forum SCF222 (5G FAPI PHY API)

5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters

### Distributed antenna systems

Passive, active and digital DAS that spread one or more operators' signals through buildings, tunnels and venues.

3GPP TS 38.106 (NR repeater radio) · IEC 62232 (RF field strength near base stations)

5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters

### Repeaters and network-controlled repeaters

RF repeaters, including beam- and TDD-aware repeaters controlled by the gNB, for low-cost coverage extension.

3GPP TS 38.106 (NR repeater) · 3GPP TR 38.867 (network-controlled repeaters, Rel-18)

5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters

### Integrated access and backhaul

NR used to backhaul other NR cells wirelessly, useful where fibre or microwave is impractical.

3GPP TS 38.300 (IAB, Rel-16) · 3GPP TS 38.174 (IAB radio)

5G and 6G radio access networks · Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters

### Public-safety in-building coverage

Emergency responder radio coverage systems required in many buildings by fire and building codes.

NFPA 1225 (emergency services communications)

[All 9 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/ran/macro-small-cells-das-and-repeaters/)

**06** Satellite and space systems

## Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device.

**Frontier** · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

### Regenerative payloads and on-board processing

Payloads that demodulate, route or run base-station functions in orbit, cutting gateway dependence and latency.

3GPP Rel-19 NR NTN enhancements (regenerative payload) · 3GPP TS 38.300

**Frontier** · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

### Direct-to-device in mobile bands

Satellites serving unmodified phones in terrestrial mobile spectrum to extend coverage at the edge of networks.

FCC Supplemental Coverage from Space framework (2024) · ITU WRC-27 agenda item 1.13 (Resolution 253 (WRC-23))

**Frontier** · Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

### Store-and-forward satellite IoT

Satellites that collect data when out of gateway view and deliver later, suited to sparse sensor networks.

3GPP Rel-19 IoT NTN store-and-forward

Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

### Transparent (bent-pipe) payloads

Payloads that frequency-translate and amplify signals, keeping the gNB or hub on the ground.

3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) · 3GPP TR 38.821 (NR NTN solutions)

Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

### Multibeam and digitally beamformed payloads

Hundreds of steerable spot beams with flexible power and bandwidth that follow demand across a coverage area.

ETSI EN 302 307-2 (DVB-S2X) · Rec. ITU-R S.1503

Satellite and space systems · Communications payloads, NTN and direct-to-device

### 5G NR over satellite (NR-NTN)

3GPP NR adapted for satellite delay and Doppler so standard 5G devices and cores work over orbiting access.

3GPP TS 38.300 (NTN, Rel-17) · 3GPP TS 38.101-5 (UE RF, satellite access) · 3GPP TS 38.108 (satellite access node radio)

[All 9 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/satellite/communications-payloads-ntn-and-direct-to-device/)

**07** Every domain

## The rest of the spectrum.

The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory.

[Layers · 8 · items · 61 In situ sensors and instrumentsInstruments placed in the air, water, ground and spectrum, from weather stations to seismometers, radars and cameras, with the calibration, metadata and quality control that make their readings evidence.](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 62 5G and 6G radio access networksThe radio access network from site to spectrum: macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters, massive MIMO, NR bands and TDD synchronisation, NR features such as RedCap, positioning and sidelink, private and shared networks, Wi-Fi coexistence, 6G and ISAC, and the planning and assurance that keep it working.](https://observatory.global/technologies/ran/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 60 AI-RAN and Open RANDisaggregated, software-defined and AI-assisted radio access: the O-RAN architecture and its open interfaces, 7.2x fronthaul, RAN intelligent controllers with xApps and rApps, SMO and O-Cloud, accelerated L1, shared GPU infrastructure for RAN and AI, AI/ML in the 3GPP air interface, energy saving, and the test and integration work that makes multi-supplier RAN deployable.](https://observatory.global/technologies/airan/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 60 Core and transport networksThe networks behind the radio: the 5G core and its functions, slicing and edge breakout, IMS voice and emergency calling, fronthaul, midhaul and backhaul over microwave, E-band, fibre, free-space optics and satellite, IP/MPLS and segment routing, IPv6, automation and intent, and the security that holds it together.](https://observatory.global/technologies/core/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 66 Satellite and space systemsThe space segment end to end: orbits and constellations, spacecraft buses, communications and Earth observation payloads, inter-satellite links, tracking and command, space safety, launch, and the licensing and filings that let a system operate over a site.](https://observatory.global/technologies/satellite/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 63 Ground segmentEverything on the ground that talks to spacecraft: gateways and teleports, user terminals, modems and software-defined radio, shared antenna networks, CCSDS protocol stacks, mission control, data processing and the spectrum coordination behind each earth station.](https://observatory.global/technologies/ground/)

[Layers · 7 · items · 59 Spectrum, timing and PNTThe shared foundations every network and sensor depends on: how spectrum is licensed, shared and monitored, GNSS positioning and its corrections, packet timing with PTP and SyncE, grandmasters and holdover, resilient PNT alternatives, and the detection of interference, jamming and spoofing.](https://observatory.global/technologies/timing/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 54 IoT, LPWAN and meshThe radios, networks, gateways, device management and field protocols that connect low-power sensors and controllers to the grid, sized to a measured power budget.](https://observatory.global/technologies/iot/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 59 Data, software and interoperabilityHow observations move from the edge into stores, catalogues and APIs with their provenance, licence and residency attached, and how they interoperate through open standards and the open Observatory Protocol.](https://observatory.global/technologies/data/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 67 Remote sensing and Earth observationEvery platform, sensor, processing level and ground-segment step that turns remote measurements of the Earth into calibrated, analysis-ready evidence for a site, a region or a network.](https://observatory.global/technologies/eo/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 65 GIS, maps and GeoAIThe reference frames, formats, services, analysis methods, machine learning and 3D models that turn observations into located, queryable and decision-ready geographic information.](https://observatory.global/technologies/gis/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 65 Compute and edgeCompute placed where data is produced and decisions are needed: the device, far, near and regional edge tiers, multi-access edge computing, modular edge data centres including the AI tower in a box, servers and accelerators, storage, power and cooling, ruggedisation, fleet orchestration, OTA and GitOps, and the hardware trust that makes remote sites safe to run.](https://observatory.global/technologies/edge/)

[Layers · 8 · items · 65 AI systemsAI from model to accountable operation: edge inference and model optimisation, foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial work, time-series and sensor AI, multimodal fusion and supervised agentic operations, federated and privacy-preserving learning, physical AI and robotics within stated red lines, MLOps, evaluation and model risk, and the governance frameworks that apply to each.](https://observatory.global/technologies/ai/)

## Bring us the site.

Survey, design, deployment and operation for oceans. The form names who receives your details.

[Talk to us](https://observatory.global/contact/)

[Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/)

[Home](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/)

[Use cases](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/use-cases/)

[Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/fields/)

[Solutions](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/solutions/)

[Platforms](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/platforms/)

[Systems and technologies](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/systems/)

[Frontier](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/frontier/)

[Open](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/open/)

[Community](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/community/)

[Countries](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/countries/)

[Resources](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/resources/)

[Contact](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/contact/)

[Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/)**Oceans** . From the coastline to the open ocean.[Talk to us](https://observatory.global/contact/)

Oceans

- [Overview](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/)
- [Explainer](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/explainer/)
- [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/fields/)
- [Use cases](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/use-cases/)
- [Solutions](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/solutions/)
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- [Contact](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/contact/)

Platforms

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- [Hardware & power](https://observatory.global/hardware/)
- [Sensors & instruments](https://observatory.global/sensors/)
- [Connectivity](https://observatory.global/connectivity/)
- [Edge compute & AI](https://observatory.global/edge-ai/)
- [Earth observation & GeoAI](https://observatory.global/earth-observation/)
- [Space and satellite systems](https://observatory.global/space/)
- [Digital twins and simulation](https://observatory.global/digital-twins/)
- [Data & licensing](https://observatory.global/data-products/)
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Solutions

- [Early warning](https://observatory.global/use-cases/street-flood/)
- [Wildfire and fire weather](https://observatory.global/use-cases/wildfire-camera/)
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- [Data licensing](https://observatory.global/data-products/)

Industries

- [Public safety](https://observatory.global/industries/public-safety/)
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