--- title: "Sea level and storm surge monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "Coastal flooding comes from surge on top of the tide, on top of a rising sea. Radar tide gauges measure the water every minute…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/sea-level/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Oceans](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/fields/) / **Sea level and storm surge** # Sea level, measured to the millimetre and tied to the land. Coastal flooding comes from surge on top of the tide, on top of a rising sea. Radar tide gauges measure the water every minute, GNSS on the gauge measures whether the land itself is sinking, and weather sensors explain the surge. The same station serves storm warnings today and the sea-level record for decades. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Oceans **Measurements**: 4 **Sources cited**: 4 1. Oceans · Sea level and storm surge Surge on tide on a rising sea Coastal flooding happens when a storm surge rides on a high tide, on top of a sea that is slowly rising, along coasts where the land may be sinking. Warning centres need the water level every minute; planners need decades of record they can trust. 2. What is measured Water, land and weather A radar gauge over open water measures sea level every minute, with a pressure gauge below the lowest tide as backup. A GNSS receiver on the structure measures whether the land is moving, and weather sensors measure the pressure and wind that drive the surge. InstrumentsRadar tide gauge · Pressure gauge · GNSS · Weather sensors 3. The base node Surge, computed at the gauge The node predicts the tide, computes the surge as observed minus predicted and raises alerts at thresholds. When a sudden change suggests a tsunami, it switches to rapid sampling, and it keeps the datum record so every value stays tied to the benchmarks. 4. Radio and links Through the storm Harbour gauges send one-minute data over cellular to warning centres. A satellite path keeps data flowing when storms take down terrestrial networks, and batteries carry the station through the power cuts that come with the surge it measures. When one path fails, the other carries the data. LinksPublic cellular · Satellite 5. How it works From a deepening low to a flood warning A deep low tracks toward the coast at spring tide. Gauges show the surge building hours ahead of high water. The warning centre issues a coastal flood warning, harbour gates close, and the peak water level is recorded against the benchmarks for the next design review. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope the coast and its duties The scope reads the coast's flood history, warning duties, existing gauges and their datums, and global network commitments. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the gauge plan, datum design, warning integration and a price per station and per year. The scope is agreed before any site work begins. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Survey piers and benchmarks Crews survey candidate piers and walls for open water at all tides, structural stability, benchmarks nearby, sky view for GNSS, power and backhaul. Findings are recorded with drawings and photographs. Findings shape the kit for each site before anything is built. 8. From order to operation · Permits Harbour and coastal consent Harbour authorities approve installation on their structures, coastal consents are obtained, and radio and radar use are registered. Benchmarks are agreed with the national mapping agency. Every approval is kept with the station record. No crew goes to site before its approvals are in place. 9. From order to operation · Build Build and calibrate Radar and pressure gauges are calibrated, GNSS receivers tested, nodes configured with tide constituents where known and enrolled with their identities. The station runs together for days before shipping. Nothing ships until the whole kit has passed its tests together. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Install and level Crews mount the radar over open water, fix the pressure gauge below the lowest tide, install GNSS and weather sensors, power and backhaul, and level the gauge zero to the benchmarks. Every height is recorded. Crews follow the site safety plan throughout the work. 11. From order to operation · Commission Commission against tide staff Each node proves its identity. Radar readings are compared with tide staff readings over full tidal cycles, pressure and radar are compared, GNSS fixes its position and alerts are tested with the warning centre. Acceptance is recorded with the owner before handover. 12. From order to operation · Operate Warn and record Warning centres see sea level and surge every minute and receive alerts when thresholds are crossed. Scientists receive the long record with land motion removed, and every datum change is kept. Every alert and action is kept on the record. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Level every year Gauges are relevelled to benchmarks each year and after any change, sensors are checked against tide staffs, GNSS series are reviewed for land motion, and software updates roll out in rings. Every change is kept with the station record. Maintenance history stays with each site for its whole life. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products For warnings, planners and science Warning centres and harbour masters receive real-time sea level and surge; climate scientists and planners receive long records with land motion; tsunami warning centres receive rapid data; mapping agencies receive datum records, each tied to gauge, benchmark and time. Every product can be traced back to its readings. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence Tied to the land Gauges follow the international manual on sea level measurement and the global sea level network's standards, land motion is measured by GNSS at the gauge, and sea level is reported as an essential climate variable. Every value keeps its datum and levelling record. Drawn againstIOC Manuals and Guides No. 14 · GLOSS Implementation Plan 2012 · GCOS-244 · WMO-No. 8 16. What you get Ocean and coastal observing Moored buoys, profiling floats, tide and wave gauges, coastal radar and AIS reception with quality-controlled feeds. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for ports, coastal agencies, offshore energy, fisheries. Scale: Coastline to basin. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan sea level and storm surge with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for sea level and storm surge. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextSea level is measured to the international manual on sea level measurement, the global sea level observing system sets standards for its core stations, and sea level is an essential climate variable. Gauges must be levelled to benchmarks and their land motion known, or the record mixes ocean change with subsidence. Hazards - Storm surges that flood harbours and low coasts - Tsunamis that need second-by-second data - Gauges whose land sinks, corrupting the record - Gauges damaged in the storms they measure - Datum errors after sensor changes **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Sea level | Radar gauge over the water with a pressure gauge as backup | Every minute, faster for tsunami | 12 | | Vertical land motion | GNSS on the gauge structure | Continuous, daily solutions | 12 | | Air pressure and wind | Weather sensors at the gauge | Every minute | 31 | | Datum control | Levelling between the gauge and benchmarks | Each year and after any change | 1 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A gauge: a radar sensor, a pressure gauge, weather sensors and GNSS on a sensor hub and edge node. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A station: the gauge on a pier or harbour wall, benchmarks, power with backup and two backhaul paths. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet A national network of gauges run to one datum and quality plan. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Agencies share sea level with warning centres and global data centres through open standards. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Surveillance radar (FMCW) - **02** Water level gauge - **03** Compact weather station - **04** GNSS geodetic station - **05** Sensor and instrument gateway - **06** Edge node (Wedge) - **07** Cellular modem/router - **08** LEO flat-panel terminal - **09** Solar array - **10** Pole Radio and links ### Public cellular Harbour gauges send one-minute data over cellular to warning centres. Radio and links ### Satellite A satellite path keeps data flowing when storms take down terrestrial networks. Edge computeThe node predicts the tide, computes surge as observed minus predicted, raises alerts at thresholds, switches to rapid sampling when a sudden change suggests a tsunami and keeps the datum record. PowerMains with a long battery backup, or solar on remote coasts; the gauge must keep reporting through the storm that cuts power. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Sea level and storm surge: data path – of 07 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Gateway 03 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 04 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 05 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 06 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 07 Products WMO WIS 2.0OGC SensorThings APIRINEX 08 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC to thefield equipment 01 Surveillance radar (FMCW) Ethernet 02 Water level gauge SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 GNSS geodetic station Ethernet · GNSS antenna · 1PPS/10MHz 05 Sensor and instrument gateway SDI-12 · RS-485 · Analogue I/O ·Ethernet · USB 06 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 07 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 08 LEO flat-panel terminal Ethernet Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Real-time sea level and surge Long sea-level records with landmotion Tsunami rapid data Datum records 09 Solar array RS-485 10 Pole Ethernet · MQTT 5 SDI-12 · SDI-12 SDI-12 · SDI-12 Ethernet · ntp-nts Ethernet · MQTT 5 Ethernet Ethernet LTE/NR Satellite IP From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Surveillance radar (FMCW)** Short-range FMCW radar for perimeter, traffic, drone and water-surface detection. | Ethernet | MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Water level gauge** Radar, pressure or float gauge for river, lake, reservoir or tide level. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 04 | **GNSS geodetic station** Continuously operating GNSS station on a stable monument for geodesy, deformation and atmospheric water vapour. | EthernetGNSS antenna1PPS/10 MHz | NTP with NTS | 12 V DC | | 05 | **Sensor and instrument gateway** Data logger and gateway that reads instruments on SDI-12, RS-485, analogue and Ethernet ports and publishes observations with calibration and time. | SDI-12RS-485Analogue I/OEthernetUSB | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API, OGC API Connected Systems, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 06 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 07 | **Cellular modem/router** LTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 08 | **LEO flat-panel terminal** Electronically steered flat-panel user terminal for low-Earth-orbit broadband constellations. | Ethernet | — | PoE, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 09 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — | | 10 | **Pole** Utility, street or dedicated pole with clamp positions. | — | — | — | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the coast and its duties The scope reads the coast's flood history, warning duties, existing gauges and their datums, and global network commitments. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the gauge plan, datum design, warning integration and a price per station and per year. The scope is agreed before any site work begins. 2 2. 02 Survey Survey piers and benchmarks Crews survey candidate piers and walls for open water at all tides, structural stability, benchmarks nearby, sky view for GNSS, power and backhaul. Findings are recorded with drawings and photographs. Findings shape the kit for each site before anything is built. 1 3. 03 Permits Harbour and coastal consent Harbour authorities approve installation on their structures, coastal consents are obtained, and radio and radar use are registered. Benchmarks are agreed with the national mapping agency. Every approval is kept with the station record. No crew goes to site before its approvals are in place. 4. 04 Build Build and calibrate Radar and pressure gauges are calibrated, GNSS receivers tested, nodes configured with tide constituents where known and enrolled with their identities. The station runs together for days before shipping. Nothing ships until the whole kit has passed its tests together. 5. 05 Install Install and level Crews mount the radar over open water, fix the pressure gauge below the lowest tide, install GNSS and weather sensors, power and backhaul, and level the gauge zero to the benchmarks. Every height is recorded. Crews follow the site safety plan throughout the work. 1 6. 06 Commission Commission against tide staff Each node proves its identity. Radar readings are compared with tide staff readings over full tidal cycles, pressure and radar are compared, GNSS fixes its position and alerts are tested with the warning centre. Acceptance is recorded with the owner before handover. 12 7. 07 Operate Warn and record Warning centres see sea level and surge every minute and receive alerts when thresholds are crossed. Scientists receive the long record with land motion removed, and every datum change is kept. Every alert and action is kept on the record. 4 8. 08 Maintain Level every year Gauges are relevelled to benchmarks each year and after any change, sensors are checked against tide staffs, GNSS series are reviewed for land motion, and software updates roll out in rings. Every change is kept with the station record. Maintenance history stays with each site for its whole life. 1 **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Real-time sea level and surge** Warning centres and harbour masters - **Long sea-level records with land motion** Climate scientists and planners - **Tsunami rapid data** Tsunami warning centres - **Datum records** Mapping agencies Integration - **Warning centres** Alerts and one-minute data reach coastal flood and tsunami warning systems. - **Global data centres** Sea level is shared with global sea level centres. - **Harbour operations** Water levels support harbour navigation. Exchanged through WMO WIS 2.0, OGC SensorThings API, RINEX. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Why GNSS on a tide gauge? To separate sea-level rise from the land sinking. Can it warn of tsunamis? It switches to rapid sampling on sudden changes. What if the storm cuts power? Batteries and a satellite path carry it through. Can old records be joined? Yes, through levelling to the same benchmarks. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [IOC Manuals and Guides No. 14: Manual on Sea Level Measurement and Interpretation, Volume V](https://www.ioc.unesco.org/) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO · 2016 2. **2** [GLOSS Implementation Plan 2012 (IOC Technical Series No. 100)](https://www.ioc.unesco.org/) Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO · 2012 3. **3** [WMO-No. 8: Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 4. **4** [GCOS-244: The 2022 GCOS Implementation Plan](https://gcos.wmo.int/) Global Climate Observing System · 2022 **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Use case Street flood observatoryUltrasonic depth sensors on poles report street-level water depth as open data and alerts.The full use case →](https://observatory.global/use-cases/street-flood/) [Solution Ocean and coastal observingMoored buoys, profiling floats, tide and wave gauges, coastal radar and AIS reception with quality-controlled feeds.Solutions for oceans →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/solutions/#ocean-coastal) [Solution Hydrometeorological and flood observing networksStream gauges, rain gauges, weather radar and automatic weather stations built to WMO practice, reporting through WIS 2.0 where the agency requires it.Solutions for oceans →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/solutions/#hydromet-networks) [Solution Timing and positioning integrityPTP grandmasters with GNSS holdover, interference detection and timing monitoring for networks and instruments.Solutions for oceans →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/solutions/#timing-positioning) **10** Oceans: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Waves and coastal buoysMoored buoys that measure waves, wind and sea temperature off ports and coasts, for safe navigation, coastal design and the warnings that keep people off dangerous seas.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/wave-buoys/) [Specialized field Coastal and bathing water qualitySondes and samplers at beaches, estuaries and aquaculture zones that watch temperature, oxygen, turbidity and algal blooms, so authorities protect bathers and shellfish in time.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/coastal-water-quality/) [Specialized field Underwater noiseHydrophone moorings that measure ship noise, piling and other sound in the sea, for marine protection duties, offshore construction and the animals that depend on hearing.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/oceans/underwater-noise/) ### Bring us the site. Plan a deployment, configure a station, model it in the Studio or talk to sales. 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