--- title: "In-situ recovery monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "In-situ recovery pumps a solution through an ore body and recovers it from production wells, leaving the rock in place. Uranium…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/mining/in-situ-recovery/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Mining](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/fields/) / **In-situ recovery** # In-situ recovery, watched below ground. In-situ recovery pumps a solution through an ore body and recovers it from production wells, leaving the rock in place. Uranium, copper and some salts are mined this way. The central obligation is to keep the solution in the ore zone, so the observation network is a ring of monitoring wells, instruments on every wellhead and a chemistry record that regulators can audit. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Mining **Measurements**: 6 **Sources cited**: 3 1. Mining · In-situ recovery Mining without moving the rock In-situ recovery leaves the ore body in place and moves a solution through it instead. That makes the groundwater around the wellfield the thing to protect. The licence draws a boundary of monitoring wells, and the whole operation depends on proving, day after day, that the solution stays inside it. 2. What is measured Wells, wellheads and lines Monitoring wells carry level and conductivity sensors between laboratory samples; injection and production wellheads carry flow and pressure; header houses and pond underdrains carry leak detection. Laboratory chemistry, commonly chloride, conductivity and alkalinity as excursion indicators, remains the measurement of record and joins the same timeline. InstrumentsLevel · Conductivity · Flow · Pressure · Leak detection · Laboratory samples 3. The base node Every reading belongs to one well Each endpoint and gateway is enrolled with the well it serves, so every reading carries the well's identity as well as its own signature and time. The plant's edge node holds baselines and control limits per well and keeps the wellfield's injection and production balance in view. 4. Radio and links LoRaWAN over the pattern, fibre to the plant Battery endpoints on monitoring wells report over LoRaWAN without trenching cable to each well. Header houses join the plant over fibre laid with the pipes or over private LTE, and satellite backhaul serves remote wellfields. The network grows pattern by pattern with the wellfield. RadioLoRaWAN · Private LTE · Fibre · Satellite 5. How it works From a monitoring well to an excursion case A conductivity reading leaves the well's endpoint over LoRaWAN, reaches the gateway, is signed and passed to the edge node, where it is compared with the well's baseline and limits. A rising trend opens a case, schedules the confirmation sample and notifies the hydrogeologist with the evidence attached. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope the wellfield and the licence The scope starts from the licence and permits: the monitoring ring, the aquifers above and below, the excursion indicators and limits, and the restoration commitments. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns a station plan for every well class, the network design, the chemistry workflow and a price per wellfield and per phase. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Survey wells, header houses and lines The crew walks the wellfield with the hydrogeologist and the plant engineer. It checks wellhead access and protection, header house panels and power, radio coverage across the pattern, and the routes of trunk lines and pond underdrains, and records every well against the project's coordinates and identifiers. 8. From order to operation · Permits Work inside the licence Monitoring design, limits and reporting are set by the licence and the underground injection control permit. Radio, power and any new structure follow the site's own approvals, and radiation protection rules apply to every visit at a uranium operation. Every change to the monitoring design is agreed before it is made. 9. From order to operation · Build Build per well class Monitoring-well stations, wellhead flow and pressure instruments, header house gateways and the plant's edge node are built and tested per well class. Each one is enrolled with its identity and the well it belongs to, so a reading can never be filed against the wrong well. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Install pattern by pattern Installation follows the development of the wellfield. Gateways go in first, then monitoring-ring stations before injection starts, so the baseline is continuous, then wellhead instruments as each pattern is completed. Every station is checked against the well's records and photographed. 11. From order to operation · Commission Establish baselines before injection Each station proves its identity, then its conductivity and level readings are compared with laboratory samples and manual measurements. Baselines and control limits are entered from the licence data, and a test excursion runs from a well to the hydrogeologist's console and back. 12. From order to operation · Operate Catch excursions early The console shows each monitoring well against its baseline, the hydraulic gradient across the wellfield and the balance of injection and production. A rising trend opens a case with its data, the confirmation sampling the licence requires and the corrective actions, all in one record. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Through restoration and stability Stations are serviced and recalibrated on schedule, moved as patterns are added and kept running through restoration and the stability period after it. The record that started with the baseline ends with the evidence that groundwater met its restoration standard. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products From operations to closure Hydrogeologists see each well against its limits; operators see the balance of injection and production; environmental teams manage excursion cases; regulators receive reports in the licence's format; closure planners inherit restoration and stability records. One record runs from the first baseline to the last stability sample. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence A record from baseline to restoration Baselines, calibrations, samples with their chain of custody, every case and every action are signed and kept. Monitoring follows the licence and the review practice for in-situ recovery and the underground injection control rules, so a reviewer can trace any conclusion to the wells and samples behind it. Drawn againstNUREG-1569 · 40 CFR Part 146 · EPA Class III wells 16. What you get Environmental and permit monitoring Emissions, water quality, noise and dust monitoring for permit conditions, with traceable calibration and evidence bundles. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for industrial operators, municipalities, regulators. Scale: Site to portfolio. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan in-situ recovery with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for in-situ recovery. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextInjection and production wells are laid out in patterns across the ore zone. A leaching solution is injected, dissolves the metal and is pumped back to a processing plant. Monitoring wells surround the wellfield and sit in the aquifers above and below the ore, and after mining the groundwater must be restored to the standard the licence sets and shown to stay there. Hazards - Horizontal or vertical excursion of mining solution beyond the ore zone - Loss of well casing or cement integrity - Leaks and spills from header houses, pipelines and ponds - Radiological exposure at uranium operations - Incomplete groundwater restoration after mining **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Excursion indicators in monitoring wells, commonly chloride, conductivity and alkalinity | The monitoring-well ring and wells in the overlying and underlying aquifers | Sampled on the schedule the licence sets, with continuous conductivity and level between samples | 12 | | Injection and production flow and pressure | Every wellhead and header house | Continuous | 32 | | Water levels and hydraulic gradient | Monitoring and observation wells inside and around the wellfield | Continuous | 1 | | Mechanical integrity of injection wells | Each injection well | At construction and at the intervals the permit requires | 2 | | Leak detection on pipelines and ponds | Trunk lines, header houses and pond underdrains | Continuous | 1 | | Groundwater restoration chemistry | Restoration and baseline wells | Through restoration and the stability period that follows | 1 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A wellhead station: level and conductivity in a monitoring well, or flow and pressure on an injection line, read by a battery endpoint or an industrial gateway in the header house. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A wellfield: its monitoring ring, header houses with their gateways, a LoRaWAN network over the pattern and an edge node at the plant. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet Every wellfield of the operation, from development to restoration, run as one fleet with one excursion policy and one chemistry record. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Several projects of an operator, and the regulator's reviewers, work from one federated record of wells, samples and decisions. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Water quality sonde - **02** Water level gauge - **03** Flow meter - **04** LPWAN endpoint - **05** LoRaWAN gateway - **06** OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) - **07** Edge node (Wedge) - **08** Fibre terminal - **09** Solar array - **10** Pole Radio and links ### LoRaWAN Monitoring wells spread across and beyond the wellfield report level and conductivity from battery endpoints, without trenching cable to each one. Radio and links ### Private LTE Header houses, the plant and vehicles share one licensed network for control data and video across the wellfield. Radio and links ### Fibre Header houses on permanent trunk lines carry control data on fibre laid with the pipes. Radio and links ### Satellite Remote satellite wellfields use satellite backhaul until terrestrial links arrive. Edge computeAn edge node at the plant compares every monitoring well with its baseline and upper control limits, opens an excursion case when a trend crosses them and keeps the wellfield's balance of injection and production in view. PowerMonitoring-well endpoints run on batteries for long periods between visits; header houses take plant power, and remote wells use small solar panels. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. In-situ recovery: data path – of 08 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Field radio 03 Gateway 04 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 05 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 06 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 07 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 08 Products OPC UA (IEC 62541)OGC SensorThings APILoRaWAN 09 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC to thefield equipment 01 Water quality sonde SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Water level gauge SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Flow meter SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 LPWAN endpoint Analogue I/O · SDI-12 · RS-485 05 LoRaWAN gateway Ethernet · RF · GNSS antenna 06 OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) Ethernet · RS-485 · CAN · AnalogueI/O 07 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 08 Fibre terminal Fibre · Ethernet Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Monitoring-well seriesagainst baseline and limits Excursion cases withsampling and actions Wellfield balance of injectionand production Leak detection alerts Restoration and stabilityrecords 09 Solar array RS-485 10 Pole SDI-12 SDI-12 RS-485 · Modbus LoRaWAN Ethernet Ethernet · opc-ua Fibre Fibre From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Water quality sonde** Multi-parameter sonde for temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Water level gauge** Radar, pressure or float gauge for river, lake, reservoir or tide level. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Flow meter** Open-channel or pipe flow meter (Doppler, ultrasonic, electromagnetic). | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 04 | **LPWAN endpoint** Battery-powered endpoint on LoRaWAN, NB-IoT or LTE-M that carries one or more sensors. | Analogue I/OSDI-12RS-485 | LoRaWAN, OMA LwM2M, CoAP | Internal battery, Energy harvesting | | 05 | **LoRaWAN gateway** Multi-channel LoRaWAN gateway that forwards uplinks to a network server and schedules downlinks within duty limits. | EthernetRFGNSS antenna | LoRaWAN, MQTT 5 | PoE, 12 V DC | | 06 | **OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus)** Read-only bridge from industrial fieldbuses and controllers (Modbus, OPC UA, DNP3, IEC 61850, CAN) to the site network, behind a security boundary. | EthernetRS-485CANAnalogue I/O | OPC UA, Modbus, DNP3 (IEEE 1815), IEC 61850 (MMS, GOOSE), MQTT 5 | 24 V DC | | 07 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 08 | **Fibre terminal** Optical network terminal or media converter that lands fibre backhaul at a site. | FibreEthernet | IEEE 1588 PTP | 12 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 09 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — | | 10 | **Pole** Utility, street or dedicated pole with clamp positions. | — | — | — | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the wellfield and the licence The scope starts from the licence and permits: the monitoring ring, the aquifers above and below, the excursion indicators and limits, and the restoration commitments. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns a station plan for every well class, the network design, the chemistry workflow and a price per wellfield and per phase. 13 2. 02 Survey Survey wells, header houses and lines The crew walks the wellfield with the hydrogeologist and the plant engineer. It checks wellhead access and protection, header house panels and power, radio coverage across the pattern, and the routes of trunk lines and pond underdrains, and records every well against the project's coordinates and identifiers. 3. 03 Permits Work inside the licence Monitoring design, limits and reporting are set by the licence and the underground injection control permit. Radio, power and any new structure follow the site's own approvals, and radiation protection rules apply to every visit at a uranium operation. Every change to the monitoring design is agreed before it is made. 21 4. 04 Build Build per well class Monitoring-well stations, wellhead flow and pressure instruments, header house gateways and the plant's edge node are built and tested per well class. Each one is enrolled with its identity and the well it belongs to, so a reading can never be filed against the wrong well. 5. 05 Install Install pattern by pattern Installation follows the development of the wellfield. Gateways go in first, then monitoring-ring stations before injection starts, so the baseline is continuous, then wellhead instruments as each pattern is completed. Every station is checked against the well's records and photographed. 6. 06 Commission Establish baselines before injection Each station proves its identity, then its conductivity and level readings are compared with laboratory samples and manual measurements. Baselines and control limits are entered from the licence data, and a test excursion runs from a well to the hydrogeologist's console and back. 7. 07 Operate Catch excursions early The console shows each monitoring well against its baseline, the hydraulic gradient across the wellfield and the balance of injection and production. A rising trend opens a case with its data, the confirmation sampling the licence requires and the corrective actions, all in one record. 8. 08 Maintain Through restoration and stability Stations are serviced and recalibrated on schedule, moved as patterns are added and kept running through restoration and the stability period after it. The record that started with the baseline ends with the evidence that groundwater met its restoration standard. **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Monitoring-well series against baseline and limits** Hydrogeologists, environmental managers, regulators - **Excursion cases with sampling and actions** Environmental teams and regulators - **Wellfield balance of injection and production** Wellfield operators and plant engineers - **Leak detection alerts** Operators and environmental teams - **Restoration and stability records** Regulators and closure planners Integration - **Plant control system and historian** Wellhead and header data move over OPC UA into the plant historian with their quality flags. - **Laboratory information system** Sample results are matched to wells and joined to the continuous series with their chain of custody. - **Regulatory reporting** Excursion and monitoring reports are produced in the format the licence specifies. Exchanged through OPC UA (IEC 62541), OGC SensorThings API, LoRaWAN. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Do continuous sensors replace sampling? No. Sampling and laboratory analysis remain the measurements of record. Continuous level and conductivity show trends between samples and help decide when confirmation sampling is needed. Can the record be used in restoration? Yes. Baselines, monitoring and restoration data stay in one record, so the comparison with the restoration standard is traceable to every sample. What about uranium radiation protection? Every visit follows the site's radiation protection programme. The monitoring network does not change that programme; it records where and when crews worked. Can we start with the monitoring ring? Yes. Many projects start with the ring and baseline wells before injection, then add wellhead instruments pattern by pattern. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [NUREG-1569: Standard Review Plan for In Situ Leach Uranium Extraction License Applications](https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1569/) US Nuclear Regulatory Commission · 2003 2. **2** [40 CFR Part 146: Underground injection control program, criteria and standards](https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/part-146) US Environmental Protection Agency (eCFR) 3. **3** [Class III wells: injection wells for solution mining](https://www.epa.gov/uic/class-iii-wells-injection-wells-solution-mining) US Environmental Protection Agency **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Solution Environmental and permit monitoringEmissions, water quality, noise and dust monitoring for permit conditions, with traceable calibration and evidence bundles.Solutions for mining →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/solutions/#environmental-compliance) [Solution Mine, plant and port site monitoringSlope radar, tailings monitoring, dust and water, and site connectivity for operations and closure.Solutions for mining →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/solutions/#industrial-site-monitoring) [Solution Observation data products and evidence bundlesLicensed feeds and archives with metadata, quality flags and provenance on every value; evidence bundles for audits and claims processes.Solutions for mining →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/solutions/#observation-data) **10** Mining: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Open-pit miningSlope radar, prisms and GNSS on the pit walls, private LTE or 5G for dispatch and autonomy, blast vibration and dust at the fence, on one site network.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/open-pit/) [Specialized field Underground hard-rock miningMicroseismic arrays, ventilation on demand, gas and refuge monitoring, people and vehicle tracking, and a private LTE or leaky-feeder backbone that follows the headings.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/underground-hard-rock/) [Specialized field Underground coal miningMethane, airflow and carbon monoxide under explosion-protection rules, dust exposure, communication and tracking that survive an emergency, and methane drainage measured for safety and emissions.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/underground-coal/) [Specialized field Placer and alluvial miningTurbidity and sediment downstream, mercury where amalgamation is used, settling pond stability and rehabilitation, with LoRaWAN and satellite links where nothing else reaches.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/placer-alluvial/) [Specialized field Quarrying and aggregatesBlast vibration and air overpressure at the neighbours, boundary dust, noise, discharge water and face stability, on simple, low-cost links for a site that sits next to a town.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/quarrying/) [Specialized field Tailings storage facilitiesPiezometers, inclinometers, GNSS, satellite radar and water balance for tailings dams, with trigger levels from the engineer of record and evidence aligned to the global tailings standard.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/tailings/) [Specialized field Seabed and marine mineralsEnvironmental baselines and plume monitoring for nearshore dredging and seabed mineral exploration: moored and seabed instruments, ocean-ready links and data that regulators and scientists can verify.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/mining/marine-minerals/) ### Bring us the site. 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