---
title: "Physical climate risk for portfolios | Nexus Observatory"
description: "Lenders, investors and insurers must assess and disclose the physical climate risk of the assets they finance. Models give a first view…"
url: https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/physical-risk/
publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc.
updated: 2026-11-02
---

[Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/)

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[Insurance and finance](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/)

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[Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/fields/)

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**Physical climate risk for portfolios** 

# Physical risk, measured at the asset.

Lenders, investors and insurers must assess and disclose the physical climate risk of the assets they finance. Models give a first view; measured hazards at key sites, such as flood levels, heat and ground movement, show what the assets actually face and whether adaptation works.

[Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/)

How it works

[Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/)

**Industry**: Insurance and finance
**Measurements**: 4
**Sources cited**: 5

1. Insurance and finance · Physical climate risk for portfolios Disclosure needs evidence Lenders, investors and insurers must assess and disclose the physical climate risk of what they finance, and supervisors expect them to manage it. Models give a first view; measured hazards at key sites show what assets actually face and whether adaptation works.
2. What is measured Water, heat and ground Gauges at sites and nearby watercourses measure flood levels, weather stations measure heat and extremes, and GNSS receivers on structures measure ground movement, so each key asset has its own record of the hazards it meets. Each reading carries its time and its quality flags. InstrumentsFlood gauges · Weather stations · GNSS
3. The base node Measured against modelled The node records hazard levels and events at each site, compares them with the modelled hazard for that site and builds the event and impact record that disclosures and adaptation reviews need. Nothing is lost when a link drops; the node keeps it.
4. Radio and links Around each asset Points around an asset reach a gateway over a low-power link and the node sends data over cellular. Measured hazards join portfolio risk tools and reach asset owners under the sharing agreement. Each link is chosen for the place, not from a catalogue. LinksLoRaWAN · Public cellular
5. How it works From a flood to a repriced loan A warehouse rated low flood risk floods twice in a year; gauges record the depths. The lender's risk team compares them with the model, updates the site's risk, agrees a flood defence with the borrower, and discloses the change with evidence.
6. From order to operation · Order Scope the portfolio The scope reads the portfolio, its modelled hazards, the most exposed and most valuable sites, and disclosure duties. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the site selection, sensor plan, reporting and a price per site and per year. Every assumption in the scope is written down and priced. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/)
7. From order to operation · Survey Survey key sites Crews survey key sites with asset owners: watercourses and drains, flood marks, exposure for weather, structures for GNSS and coverage. Findings are recorded with photographs. Every finding is kept with the site record for the crews who follow. Findings shape the kit for each site before anything is built.
8. From order to operation · Permits Owner agreements Asset owners and borrowers agree to monitoring and data sharing with lenders, investors and insurers. Every agreement is kept with the site record. Approvals are tracked site by site, so nothing waits unseen. No crew goes to site before its approvals are in place.
9. From order to operation · Build Build and calibrate Sensors are calibrated against references, radios paired, gateways and nodes configured with each site's modelled hazards and thresholds, enrolled with their identities and run together before they ship to the sites. Test results travel with the kit to the site. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/)
10. From order to operation · Install Install around assets Crews install gauges on watercourses and drains, weather stations and GNSS receivers on structures at each site, raise gateways and connect nodes with the asset owner's staff. Every point is surveyed to a benchmark and photographed. The site record is updated before the crew leaves.
11. From order to operation · Commission Commission against the model Each node proves its identity. Readings are checked against references and nearby official stations, and the first months of measured hazards are compared with the modelled hazards for each site so differences are known early. Results are signed and kept with the site record.
12. From order to operation · Operate Disclose with evidence Risk teams see measured hazards and events across key sites, compare them with models, and use the record in disclosures, pricing and adaptation reviews. Reports for owners and funders come from the same record. Every alert and action is kept on the record.
13. From order to operation · Maintain Review each year Each year, measured hazards are compared with models and disclosures updated, sensors checked and recalibrated, and software updated in rings. Every change is kept. Spares and procedures travel with the crews. Maintenance history stays with each site for its whole life. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/)
14. Data products For risk, disclosure and owners Risk teams at lenders, investors and insurers receive measured hazards by site; climate risk analysts receive model comparisons; disclosure and reporting teams receive event and impact records; asset owners and borrowers receive adaptation evidence, each tied to site and time. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/)
15. Evidence Disclosures on evidence Measured hazards support climate-related disclosures, the taxonomy's climate risk and vulnerability assessment and supervisory expectations on climate risk. Measurements follow the WMO and hydrological guides, and every event is kept with its site. Records are open to the people who must check them. Drawn againstIFRS S2 · Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 · Guide on climate-related and environmental risks · WMO-No. 8 · WMO-No. 168
16. What you get Environmental exposure monitoring for health programmes Heat, air and water exposure measurements around facilities and communities; no diagnosis or treatment. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for health authorities, hospital networks, employers. Scale: City to national. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/)
17. Next step Plan physical climate risk for portfolios with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for physical climate risk for portfolios. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/)

**01** The place and its hazards

## Where it runs, and what can go wrong.

Operating contextClimate-related disclosure standards require entities to disclose physical risks and their effects, the European taxonomy asks for a climate risk and vulnerability assessment of financed activities, and bank supervisors expect climate risks to be managed. Measured site data strengthen assessments built on models.

Hazards

- Floods at assets models rated low risk
- Heat that reduces output and damages equipment
- Subsidence under buildings and infrastructure
- Adaptation measures that cannot be shown to work
- Disclosures that rest only on models

**02** What must be measured

## What, where, how often, and under which rules.

Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below.

| Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Flood levels at and near assets | Gauges at sites and nearby watercourses | Every few minutes | 12 |
| Heat and extreme weather | Stations at key sites | Every few minutes | 34 |
| Ground movement | GNSS on structures | Daily solutions | 2 |
| Hazard events and impacts | Each event at each asset | Each event | 45 |

**03** The observation stack

## From one base unit to a network.

The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol.

1. **01** Base unit A site point: a flood gauge, weather sensors or a GNSS receiver on a low-power radio or node. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/)
2. **02** Site A site: points around a key asset, a gateway and a node. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/)
3. **03** Fleet Key sites across a portfolio on one physical risk view. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/solutions/)
4. **04** Network Lenders, investors, insurers and borrowers share measured hazards through open standards. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/)

- **01** Water level gauge
- **02** Compact weather station
- **03** GNSS geodetic station
- **04** LPWAN endpoint
- **05** LoRaWAN gateway
- **06** Edge node (Wedge)
- **07** Cellular modem/router
- **08** Solar array

Radio and links

### LoRaWAN

Points around an asset reach a gateway over a low-power link.

Radio and links

### Public cellular

The node sends data over cellular.

Edge computeThe node records hazard levels and events at each site, compares them with the modelled hazard, and builds the event and impact record that disclosures and adaptation reviews need.

PowerPoints run on batteries and small solar panels; nodes run from site power where available.

**04** How it works

## From the instrument to the product.

One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks.

Physical climate risk for portfolios: data path

– of 08

01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Field radio 03 Gateway 04 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 05 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 06 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 07 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 08 Products OGC SensorThings APIGeoJSONXBRL 09 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC to thefield equipment 01 Water level gauge SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 GNSS geodetic station Ethernet · GNSS antenna · 1PPS/10MHz 04 LPWAN endpoint Analogue I/O · SDI-12 · RS-485 05 LoRaWAN gateway Ethernet · RF · GNSS antenna 06 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 07 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Measured hazards by site Model comparisons Event and impact records Adaptation evidence 08 Solar array RS-485 SDI-12 SDI-12 Ethernet · ntp-nts LoRaWAN Ethernet Ethernet LTE/NR

From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation.

| Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 01 | **Water level gauge** Radar, pressure or float gauge for river, lake, reservoir or tide level. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 02 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC |
| 03 | **GNSS geodetic station** Continuously operating GNSS station on a stable monument for geodesy, deformation and atmospheric water vapour. | EthernetGNSS antenna1PPS/10 MHz | NTP with NTS | 12 V DC |
| 04 | **LPWAN endpoint** Battery-powered endpoint on LoRaWAN, NB-IoT or LTE-M that carries one or more sensors. | Analogue I/OSDI-12RS-485 | LoRaWAN, OMA LwM2M, CoAP | Internal battery, Energy harvesting |
| 05 | **LoRaWAN gateway** Multi-channel LoRaWAN gateway that forwards uplinks to a network server and schedules downlinks within duty limits. | EthernetRFGNSS antenna | LoRaWAN, MQTT 5 | PoE, 12 V DC |
| 06 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains |
| 07 | **Cellular modem/router** LTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE |
| 08 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — |

How it scales

01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces.

SITE

Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality.

CLUSTER

×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites.

FLEET

Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts.

TRUST DOMAIN

TRUST DOMAIN

TRUST DOMAIN

×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange

The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding.

**Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses.
**Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP.
**Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2.
**Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links.
**Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts.
**Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3.
**Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0.

**05** From order to operation

## Every step, from the first call to a running site.

The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance.

1. 01 Order Scope the portfolio The scope reads the portfolio, its modelled hazards, the most exposed and most valuable sites, and disclosure duties. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the site selection, sensor plan, reporting and a price per site and per year. Every assumption in the scope is written down and priced. 45
2. 02 Survey Survey key sites Crews survey key sites with asset owners: watercourses and drains, flood marks, exposure for weather, structures for GNSS and coverage. Findings are recorded with photographs. Every finding is kept with the site record for the crews who follow. Findings shape the kit for each site before anything is built. 1
3. 03 Permits Owner agreements Asset owners and borrowers agree to monitoring and data sharing with lenders, investors and insurers. Every agreement is kept with the site record. Approvals are tracked site by site, so nothing waits unseen. No crew goes to site before its approvals are in place.
4. 04 Build Build and calibrate Sensors are calibrated against references, radios paired, gateways and nodes configured with each site's modelled hazards and thresholds, enrolled with their identities and run together before they ship to the sites. Test results travel with the kit to the site.
5. 05 Install Install around assets Crews install gauges on watercourses and drains, weather stations and GNSS receivers on structures at each site, raise gateways and connect nodes with the asset owner's staff. Every point is surveyed to a benchmark and photographed. The site record is updated before the crew leaves.
6. 06 Commission Commission against the model Each node proves its identity. Readings are checked against references and nearby official stations, and the first months of measured hazards are compared with the modelled hazards for each site so differences are known early. Results are signed and kept with the site record. 2
7. 07 Operate Disclose with evidence Risk teams see measured hazards and events across key sites, compare them with models, and use the record in disclosures, pricing and adaptation reviews. Reports for owners and funders come from the same record. Every alert and action is kept on the record. 45
8. 08 Maintain Review each year Each year, measured hazards are compared with models and disclosures updated, sensors checked and recalibrated, and software updated in rings. Every change is kept. Spares and procedures travel with the crews. Maintenance history stays with each site for its whole life.

**06** Data products and integration

## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems.

Data products

- **Measured hazards by site** Risk teams at lenders, investors and insurers
- **Model comparisons** Climate risk analysts
- **Event and impact records** Disclosure and reporting teams
- **Adaptation evidence** Asset owners and borrowers

Integration

- **Risk systems** Measured hazards join portfolio risk tools.
- **Disclosure** Records support climate disclosures.
- **Asset management** Events reach owners' maintenance and adaptation plans.

Exchanged through OGC SensorThings API, GeoJSON, XBRL.

**07** Questions buyers ask

## Before you scope it.

Does this replace climate models?

No. It tests and strengthens them at key sites.

Which sites should be measured?

The most exposed and most valuable, chosen in the scope.

Can borrowers see the data?

Yes, under the sharing agreement.

Does it help with disclosure?

It supplies measured evidence for physical risk.

**08** Resources

## The sources behind this page.

Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does.

1. **1** [WMO-No. 168: Guide to Hydrological Practices](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization
2. **2** [Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/2139 (EU Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act), Appendix A: climate risk and vulnerability assessment](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/) European Union · 2021
3. **3** [WMO-No. 8: Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization
4. **4** [IFRS S2: Climate-related Disclosures](https://www.ifrs.org/) International Sustainability Standards Board, IFRS Foundation · 2023
5. **5** [Guide on climate-related and environmental risks](https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/) European Central Bank · 2020

**09** Related

## Use cases and solutions.

[Use case Displacement-site connectivity and sensingPoint-to-multipoint wireless with satellite backhaul, solar power and community Wi-Fi, plus water and flood sensing with explicit protection safeguards.The full use case →](https://observatory.global/use-cases/displacement-site/)

[Solution Environmental exposure monitoring for health programmesHeat, air and water exposure measurements around facilities and communities; no diagnosis or treatment.Solutions for insurance and finance →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/solutions/#exposure-monitoring)

[Solution Independent measurement feeds for parametric triggersCalibrated, tamper-evident measurement feeds that a risk carrier may name as the index source.Solutions for insurance and finance →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/solutions/#parametric-feeds)

[Solution Earth observation tasking, processing and change detectionSAR and optical acquisition planning, analysis-ready processing and change detection checked against field truth, delivered as STAC and COG.Solutions for insurance and finance →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/solutions/#eo-services)

**10** Insurance and finance: specialized fields

## Other fields of this industry.

[Specialized field Parametric insurance triggersTamper-evident weather and water stations that measure the indices parametric policies pay on, with signed data that insurers, reinsurers and policyholders can all trust.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/parametric-triggers/)

[Specialized field Bankable wind and solar resourceMet masts, lidars and irradiance stations that measure wind and solar resources to the standards lenders require, so renewable projects reach financial close on evidence.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/resource-assessment/)

[Specialized field Event and claims verificationFlood depth sensors, drone surveys and site weather that verify what happened at insured properties after an event, so claims are settled faster and fairly.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/insurance/claims-verification/)

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