--- title: "Displacement sites and camps monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "Displacement sites are often placed on land nobody else wanted: floodplains, hillsides, hot open plains. Weather, heat and flood sensing…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/displacement-sites/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Humanitarian](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/fields/) / **Displacement sites and camps** # Camps that know their hazards before they strike. Displacement sites are often placed on land nobody else wanted: floodplains, hillsides, hot open plains. Weather, heat and flood sensing, with water tank levels and quality across the site, lets managers move people before a flood, cool shelters before a heatwave and keep water flowing. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Humanitarian **Measurements**: 4 **Sources cited**: 4 1. Humanitarian · Displacement sites and camps Land nobody else wanted Displacement sites are often placed where nobody else wanted to live: floodplains, unstable hillsides, hot open plains. Minimum standards ask that sites be planned against hazards and that everyone has enough safe water. Knowing the site's weather, drains and water live lets managers act before people are harmed. 2. What is measured Weather, drains and water A weather station and sensors in representative shelters measure heat and storms. Gauges watch rainfall, drains and the nearest stream. Level sensors read water tanks and flow at tap stands, and water sensors measure chlorine and turbidity where water is treated and handed out. InstrumentsWeather station · Shelter heat sensors · Drain and stream gauges · Tank levels · Chlorine and turbidity 3. The base node Hazards turned into alerts The node turns weather into heat stress and storm alerts, warns when drains or the stream rise toward their thresholds, computes water per person from tank levels and the site population, and flags chlorine falling below target at tap stands, so site managers know where to act first. 4. Radio and links Across the camp, out by satellite Points across the site reach a gateway on a mast over a long-range, low-power radio, with no cables to trip over or steal. Most camps are remote, so satellite carries data from the site office, with cellular as a cheaper second path where it reaches. LinksLoRaWAN · Satellite · Public cellular 5. How it works From a rising drain to dry ground A night storm sits over the camp. Rain gauges report intense rainfall and the main drain climbs toward its threshold. Site managers receive the alert, residents' committees wake the families in the lowest blocks, and they move to the school before water enters their shelters. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope with the site plan The scope reads the site plan, its population, hazards, water system and the agency's standards and duties. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan, alerts, dashboards for site managers, training for local staff and a price per site and per month, shaped to the length of the operation. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Walk the site Crews walk the site with site managers and residents' committees: low ground and drainage lines, slopes, water tanks and tap stands, shelter types, the site office for the node and a clear view for the gateway mast and satellite. Findings are mapped and photographed. 8. From order to operation · Permits Authorities and residents The host authority and the camp management agency approve the equipment, residents' committees are told what is measured and why, and data protection rules are agreed so nothing identifies people. Every approval is kept with the site record. No crew goes to site before its approvals are in place. 9. From order to operation · Build Build deployable kits Kits are built to deploy fast: points preconfigured, gateway, node, satellite terminal and solar power tested together, nodes enrolled with their identities, and everything packed in cases labelled for the site. Sensors for water quality are calibrated before shipping. Nothing ships until the whole kit has passed its tests together. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Deploy in days Crews and local staff raise the gateway mast, fit weather and level points, install water sensors at treatment and tap stands, set up the node and satellite at the site office, and photograph every point. Local staff learn to check each one. 11. From order to operation · Commission Commission against references Each node proves its identity. Weather is checked with a handheld reference, levels with manual dips, chlorine with field test kits, and alerts are tested to site managers' phones. Thresholds are agreed with the site's emergency plan. Acceptance is recorded with the owner before handover. 12. From order to operation · Operate Protect people Site managers see heat, rain, drains, water per person and chlorine live. Flood alerts move families from low ground before water arrives, heat alerts open cooling spaces, and water shortfalls send trucks. Every alert and action is recorded for coordination meetings. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Hand over or move on Local staff clean, check and swap points, sensors are recalibrated against field kits, and software updates arrive remotely. When the operation ends or moves, kits are recovered, refurbished and redeployed, and the record is handed to the authorities. Maintenance history stays with each site for its whole life. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products For managers, water teams and donors Site managers and residents' committees receive flood and heat alerts; water, sanitation and hygiene teams receive water per person and chlorine; coordination bodies and authorities receive site hazard records; donors receive monthly site reports, each tied to the site, the point and the time. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence Against the minimum standards Water quantity and quality, shelter and site planning are measured against the humanitarian minimum standards and the agency emergency handbook, drinking water against the international guidelines and weather to the instrument guide. Every reading, alert and action is kept with the site record. Drawn againstThe Sphere Handbook · UNHCR Emergency Handbook · Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality · WMO-No. 8 16. What you get Deployable connectivity and sensing kits A cell on wheels with satellite backhaul, mesh telemetry and environment nodes for incident bases and events. Delivered as rental and managed service, for emergency agencies, humanitarian logistics, event operators. Scale: Pre-positioned fleets. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan displacement sites and camps with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for displacement sites and camps. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextHumanitarian minimum standards set what people in camps must have: enough safe water, shelter that protects from the climate and sites planned against hazards. Agency handbooks set site planning and water guidance, drinking water quality follows international guidelines, and weather is measured to the instrument guide so forecasts and records can be trusted. Hazards - Floods and landslides on poorly chosen land - Extreme heat in tents and temporary shelters - Water tanks running dry or becoming contaminated - Storms tearing down shelters - Fires spreading through dense sites **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Weather and heat stress | A station at the site and sensors in representative shelters | Every few minutes | 12 | | Rainfall and drainage water levels | Gauges in the site and drains, and the nearest stream | Every few minutes in storms | 13 | | Water tank levels and supply | Storage tanks and tap stands | Every few minutes | 2 | | Free chlorine and turbidity | Treatment points and tap stands | Continuous at treatment, daily at taps | 42 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A point: a weather station, a level gauge or a water sensor on a low-power radio with its own battery. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A site: points across the camp, a gateway on a mast, a node at the site office, solar power and backhaul. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet Every site of an agency or a country operation on one view, with one record of hazards and water. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Agencies share site conditions with coordination bodies and national authorities through open standards. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Compact weather station - **02** Water level gauge - **03** Water quality sonde - **04** LPWAN endpoint - **05** LoRaWAN gateway - **06** Micro node (Nano) - **07** LEO flat-panel terminal - **08** Cellular modem/router - **09** Solar array - **10** Telescopic mast Radio and links ### LoRaWAN Points across the site reach a gateway on a mast over a long-range, low-power link with no cables. Radio and links ### Satellite Most camps are remote; satellite carries data from the site office. Radio and links ### Public cellular Sites within coverage use cellular as a cheaper second path. Edge computeThe node turns weather into heat stress and storm alerts, warns when drains or streams rise toward thresholds, tracks water per person from tank levels and flags chlorine falling below the target at tap stands. PowerPoints run on their own batteries and small solar panels; the gateway and node share a solar and battery system at the site office. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Displacement sites and camps: data path – of 08 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Field radio 03 Gateway 04 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 05 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 06 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 07 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 08 Products OGC SensorThings APICAP 1.2HXL 09 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC, 48 V DC to the fieldequipment 01 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Water level gauge SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Water quality sonde SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 LPWAN endpoint Analogue I/O · SDI-12 · RS-485 05 LoRaWAN gateway Ethernet · RF · GNSS antenna 06 Micro node (Nano) Ethernet · USB · Analogue I/O ·RS-485 · CAN 07 LEO flat-panel terminal Ethernet 08 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Flood and heat alerts Water per person and chlorine Site hazard records Monthly site reports 09 Solar array RS-485 10 Telescopic mast SDI-12 SDI-12 SDI-12 LoRaWAN Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Satellite IP LTE/NR From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Water level gauge** Radar, pressure or float gauge for river, lake, reservoir or tide level. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Water quality sonde** Multi-parameter sonde for temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 04 | **LPWAN endpoint** Battery-powered endpoint on LoRaWAN, NB-IoT or LTE-M that carries one or more sensors. | Analogue I/OSDI-12RS-485 | LoRaWAN, OMA LwM2M, CoAP | Internal battery, Energy harvesting | | 05 | **LoRaWAN gateway** Multi-channel LoRaWAN gateway that forwards uplinks to a network server and schedules downlinks within duty limits. | EthernetRFGNSS antenna | LoRaWAN, MQTT 5 | PoE, 12 V DC | | 06 | **Micro node (Nano)** Single-board or module-class node for sensor sites, gateways and low-power deployments. | EthernetUSBAnalogue I/ORS-485CAN | MQTT 5, OMA LwM2M, CoAP | PoE, 12 V DC, USB PD | | 07 | **LEO flat-panel terminal** Electronically steered flat-panel user terminal for low-Earth-orbit broadband constellations. | Ethernet | — | PoE, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 08 | **Cellular modem/router** LTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 09 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — | | 10 | **Telescopic mast** Pneumatic or winch telescopic mast on a trailer, vehicle or base. | — | — | — | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope with the site plan The scope reads the site plan, its population, hazards, water system and the agency's standards and duties. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan, alerts, dashboards for site managers, training for local staff and a price per site and per month, shaped to the length of the operation. 2 2. 02 Survey Walk the site Crews walk the site with site managers and residents' committees: low ground and drainage lines, slopes, water tanks and tap stands, shelter types, the site office for the node and a clear view for the gateway mast and satellite. Findings are mapped and photographed. 3 3. 03 Permits Authorities and residents The host authority and the camp management agency approve the equipment, residents' committees are told what is measured and why, and data protection rules are agreed so nothing identifies people. Every approval is kept with the site record. No crew goes to site before its approvals are in place. 4. 04 Build Build deployable kits Kits are built to deploy fast: points preconfigured, gateway, node, satellite terminal and solar power tested together, nodes enrolled with their identities, and everything packed in cases labelled for the site. Sensors for water quality are calibrated before shipping. Nothing ships until the whole kit has passed its tests together. 5. 05 Install Deploy in days Crews and local staff raise the gateway mast, fit weather and level points, install water sensors at treatment and tap stands, set up the node and satellite at the site office, and photograph every point. Local staff learn to check each one. 6. 06 Commission Commission against references Each node proves its identity. Weather is checked with a handheld reference, levels with manual dips, chlorine with field test kits, and alerts are tested to site managers' phones. Thresholds are agreed with the site's emergency plan. Acceptance is recorded with the owner before handover. 4 7. 07 Operate Protect people Site managers see heat, rain, drains, water per person and chlorine live. Flood alerts move families from low ground before water arrives, heat alerts open cooling spaces, and water shortfalls send trucks. Every alert and action is recorded for coordination meetings. 2 8. 08 Maintain Hand over or move on Local staff clean, check and swap points, sensors are recalibrated against field kits, and software updates arrive remotely. When the operation ends or moves, kits are recovered, refurbished and redeployed, and the record is handed to the authorities. Maintenance history stays with each site for its whole life. **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Flood and heat alerts** Site managers and residents' committees - **Water per person and chlorine** Water, sanitation and hygiene teams - **Site hazard records** Coordination bodies and authorities - **Monthly site reports** Donors Integration - **Site management** Alerts and dashboards reach the site management agency's tools. - **Coordination** Site conditions are shared with the coordination system in its formats. - **Water trucking** Tank levels raise trucking requests before shortages. Exchanged through OGC SensorThings API, CAP 1.2, HXL. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. How fast can it deploy? Kits are built to be running within days of arrival. Does it identify people? No. It measures the site, not people. Can local staff run it? Yes. They are trained during deployment. What happens when the camp closes? Kits are recovered and redeployed, and records are handed over. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [WMO-No. 8: Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 2. **2** [The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response](https://spherestandards.org/) Sphere Association · 2018 3. **3** [UNHCR Emergency Handbook](https://emergency.unhcr.org/) Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4. **4** [Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda](https://www.who.int/) World Health Organization · 2022 **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Use case Displacement-site connectivity and sensingPoint-to-multipoint wireless with satellite backhaul, solar power and community Wi-Fi, plus water and flood sensing with explicit protection safeguards.The full use case →](https://observatory.global/use-cases/displacement-site/) [Solution Deployable connectivity and sensing kitsA cell on wheels with satellite backhaul, mesh telemetry and environment nodes for incident bases and events.Solutions for humanitarian →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/solutions/#deployable-kits) [Solution Sensing as a ServiceObservation networks designed, installed, operated and maintained for a monthly fee: weather, hydromet, air, seismic and environmental stations, with data delivered under a licence.Solutions for humanitarian →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/solutions/#sensing-service) [Solution Satellite and non-terrestrial backhaulLEO and GEO backhaul, 3GPP non-terrestrial integration and direct-to-device fallbacks for remote sites.Solutions for humanitarian →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/solutions/#ntn-backhaul) **10** Humanitarian: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Field connectivity for respondersSatellite and cellular connectivity, Wi-Fi and mesh for field offices, warehouses and responders, deployed in days, secured and run for the length of the operation.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/field-connectivity/) [Specialized field Drought and food security monitoringRain, soil moisture and water point stations where food insecurity follows drought, feeding the indicators that trigger early action before harvests fail.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/drought-food-security/) [Specialized field Vaccine and medicine cold chainTemperature, power and door monitoring for vaccine refrigerators at clinics and depots, so health workers see a failing fridge before vaccines are spoiled.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/humanitarian/cold-chain/) ### Bring us the site. Plan a deployment, configure a station, model it in the Studio or talk to sales. 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