--- title: "Events: systems and technologies | Nexus Observatory" description: "Systems and technologies for sports, events and venues: Lightning and heat, Air quality, Capacity at peak load and Slope and snow at mountain venues." url: https://observatory.global/industries/events/systems/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Events](https://observatory.global/industries/events/) / **Systems and technologies** # The systems behind events. The technologies that carry this industry's observations, ranked against what it needs to observe and drawn from across the spectrum. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Use cases](https://observatory.global/industries/events/use-cases/) [Open the explainer](https://observatory.global/industries/events/explainer/) Reference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn 1. Events · Systems and technologies Venues that sense and connect at peak load Private 5G and deployable cells for peak crowds, lightning, heat and air monitoring for go or no-go calls, slope and snow detection for mountain events, and timing for results and broadcast. Needs: lightning and heat, air quality, capacity at peak load, slope and snow at mountain venues and timing for results and broadcast. 2. Platform · Connectivity Private 5G, AI-RAN and orbit, on site Standalone private 5G and O-RAN, AI-RAN on shared accelerated compute, LEO and GEO backhaul and 3GPP direct-to-device, LPWAN and mesh for sensors over kilometres, PTP timing inside the budget, and the spectrum route for each country. Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later. [Connectivity](https://observatory.global/connectivity/) 3. Platform · Field services Survey to decommission, one accountable crew Ground, RF and power surveyed before anything is chosen, installation and commissioning to the plan, a Managed Site run for you, support by plan, training on your own site, and decommissioning with every part recorded. Changes are versioned, tested and reversible. [Field services](https://observatory.global/field-services/) 4. Platform · Hardware & power Built for the site, not the lab Every reading and every change leaves a record that can be checked later. The same design repeats from the first site to the last. It runs on the open Observatory Protocol, so other providers can join. Crews, software and records stay the same as the network grows. [Hardware & power](https://observatory.global/hardware/) 5. Platform · Sensors & instruments Measurements that carry their own proof Weather and environment stations to WMO practice, RF spectrum sensing in the band, and calibration that is traceable, recorded and repeated. Every value leaves with its metadata, quality flag and provenance. Or buy the observations and leave the hardware to us: Sensing as a Service. [Sensors & instruments](https://observatory.global/sensors/) 6. Platform · Data & licensing Grid data, licensed for your use Research, commercial API, enterprise and government tiers, the licence of every source carried through to every product, routes from licensed to open release, and residency fixed by contract. It is delivered and supported by Nexus Observatory Inc. The evidence travels with the data wherever it goes. [Data & licensing](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 7. Platform · Operations centre Every node watched. Every incident closed Monitoring of fleets, sites and links around the clock where contracted, incident response from first alarm to root cause, managed services that run the network for you, and service levels written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. 8. How it scales One base unit, repeated A programme starts with one base node and the instruments it reads. A station adds power and radio, a site adds a relay, a fleet repeats the proven site across many places, and a network federates fleets through edge and core. Capacity grows by adding units, never by replacing what works. 9. Updates Updates in rings, with rollback Software and configuration reach the fleet in rings: a canary site first, then a few, then all, each ring gated on health and data completeness. A failed gate stops the wave and returns each node to its last good release, without a site visit. 10. Field service One crew, from survey to repair The same crew surveys, installs, commissions, calibrates and repairs, working from the site's own record. Each visit updates it, so the next crew knows exactly what is there, when it was last checked and why it was changed. Spares and references are planned from that history. 11. Failure and recovery When a node fails, the fleet knows first When a node goes silent or a sensor drifts, the node buffers its data, fails over to a second link where one exists, and the alert carries the evidence a responder needs. Nothing is lost and nothing is counted twice. 12. What you get Private Wireless as a Service Standalone private 5G or LTE for a site, campus, port or mine: radios, core, SIMs, spectrum route and operations. Delivered as managed service and hardware + software, for industrial operators, ports, campuses, venues, public safety. Scale: Per site; fleets of sites. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 13. Next step Plan an events deployment Tell us the sites, the measurements and the people who will use them. We reply with a design and a scope for events. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) [Read the stories](https://observatory.global/stories/) **01** 5G and 6G radio access networks ## Private networks and RAN sharing. 5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing ### Standalone non-public networks (SNPN) Fully separate private 5G networks with their own identifiers, core and subscriptions. 3GPP TS 23.501 clause 5.30.2 5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing ### Public network integrated NPN (PNI-NPN) Private networks delivered as slices or DNNs of a public network, with closed access groups. 3GPP TS 23.501 clause 5.30.3 5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing ### Neutral host networks One shared network that serves several operators' subscribers in buildings, campuses or rural corridors. 3GPP TS 23.251 (network sharing) · 3GPP TS 23.501 (SNPN with credentials from a separate entity) 5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing ### RAN sharing (MORAN and MOCN) Operators sharing radios and sometimes spectrum to cut cost in low-density areas. 3GPP TS 23.251 · 3GPP TS 32.130 (network sharing management) 5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing ### Industrial 5G LAN and TSN integration Layer-2 group services and time-sensitive networking bridging for operational technology. 3GPP TS 23.501 clauses 5.27 and 5.29 · 3GPP TS 22.104 5G and 6G radio access networks · Private networks and RAN sharing ### Shared and local spectrum for private networks CBRS-type tiered access and local licences that let enterprises and communities run their own networks. FCC 47 CFR Part 96 (CBRS) · ISED non-competitive local licensing framework (3900–3980 MHz) [All 7 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/ran/private-networks-and-ran-sharing/) **02** Spectrum, timing and PNT ## Spectrum monitoring and interference management. **Frontier** · Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management ### Distributed low-cost SDR sensor networks Many inexpensive receivers at sites forming a continuous spectrum picture. Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 · ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring **Frontier** · Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management ### Machine-learning signal classification Models that recognise signal types and anomalies in monitoring data. ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management ### Fixed, transportable and mobile monitoring stations Calibrated receivers and antennas that measure what is actually on air around a site or region. ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement) Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management ### Spectrum occupancy measurement Statistics of channel use over time that inform planning, sharing and licence applications. Rec. ITU-R SM.1880 Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management ### Emitter location (TDOA and angle of arrival) Multi-sensor techniques that locate interference sources for resolution with the regulator. ITU Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring Spectrum, timing and PNT · Spectrum monitoring and interference management ### Interference investigation and reporting A documented process from detection to resolution, using international reporting formats where needed. ITU RR Art. 15 · ITU RR Appendix 10 (harmful interference report) [All 8 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/timing/spectrum-monitoring-and-interference-management/) **03** In situ sensors and instruments ## Air quality and atmospheric composition. In situ sensors and instruments · Air quality and atmospheric composition ### Reference gas analysers Continuous analysers for nitrogen oxides, ozone, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide by reference methods. EN 14211 (NOx) · EN 14625 (O3) · EN 14626 (CO) In situ sensors and instruments · Air quality and atmospheric composition ### Particulate matter monitors Gravimetric and automated PM10 and PM2.5 measurement. EN 12341 (gravimetric PM) · EN 16450 (automated PM monitors) · US EPA 40 CFR Part 53 (reference and equivalent methods) In situ sensors and instruments · Air quality and atmospheric composition ### Low-cost sensor systems Dense, cheaper sensor networks evaluated and corrected against reference sites. CEN/TS 17660-1:2021 (sensor systems, gaseous pollutants) · US EPA performance targets for air sensors In situ sensors and instruments · Air quality and atmospheric composition ### Ambient air quality frameworks Regulatory objectives and data quality objectives that set what monitoring must achieve. Directive (EU) 2024/2881 (ambient air quality) · Canadian Ambient Air Quality Standards (CCME) In situ sensors and instruments · Air quality and atmospheric composition ### Greenhouse gas and reactive gas monitoring High-precision carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide analysers on tall towers and baseline sites. WMO GAW measurement guidelines · WMO Global Greenhouse Gas Watch In situ sensors and instruments · Air quality and atmospheric composition ### Aerosol optics and sun photometry Aerosol optical depth, absorption and scattering for smoke, dust and satellite validation. WMO GAW aerosol guidelines [All 7 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/air-quality-and-atmospheric-composition/) **04** Ground segment ## Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks. Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks ### Shared antenna networks Pay-per-pass access to antennas across many sites so missions do not have to build their own. CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) · CCSDS 911.1-B (SLE return all frames) Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks ### Space link extension services Standard services that deliver frames and accept commands between a ground station and a remote mission centre. CCSDS 911.1-B (RAF) · CCSDS 911.2-B (RCF) · CCSDS 912.1-B (forward CLTU) Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks ### Pass scheduling and resource management Booking, deconfliction and configuration of antennas and modems for each contact. CCSDS cross support service management Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks ### High-latitude and polar ground sites Northern sites that see polar-orbiting satellites on most orbits and cut data latency. ITU RR Appendix 7 · Rec. ITU-R P.618 Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks ### Ground segment cybersecurity Access control, segmentation, monitoring and recovery for command and control systems. NIST IR 8401 (satellite ground segment and the Cybersecurity Framework) · ISO/IEC 27001 Ground segment · Ground-station-as-a-service and antenna networks ### Federated and hybrid ground networks Combining owned, partner and agency antennas behind one scheduling and data interface. CCSDS 910.4-B (cross support reference model) [All 7 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/ground/ground-station-as-a-service-and-antenna-networks/) **05** In situ sensors and instruments ## Calibration, metadata and quality control. In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control ### Calibration laboratories and traceability Calibrations tied to SI standards through accredited laboratories with stated uncertainty. ISO/IEC 17025:2017 · CIPM MRA (BIPM) In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control ### Measurement uncertainty Uncertainty budgets that travel with every reading. JCGM 100:2008 (GUM) · JCGM 200:2012 (VIM) In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control ### Field calibration and intercomparison Travelling standards, field checks and intercomparisons between instruments. WMO Regional Instrument Centres · WMO instrument intercomparisons In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control ### WIGOS metadata Station and instrument metadata to the WMO standard so others can interpret observations. WMO-No. 1192 (WIGOS Metadata Standard) · WMO-No. 1160 (Manual on WIGOS, station identifiers) · OSCAR/Surface In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control ### Sensor and procedure descriptions Machine-readable descriptions of sensors, processes and sampling. OGC SensorML 2.1 · ISO 19156:2023 · W3C/OGC SOSA/SSN In situ sensors and instruments · Calibration, metadata and quality control ### Automated quality control Range, rate, flat-line, spike and neighbour tests with flags on every value. IOOS QARTOD manuals · WMO WIGOS Data Quality Monitoring System (WDQMS) [All 7 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/calibration-metadata-and-quality-control/) **06** In situ sensors and instruments ## RF, acoustics, cameras and radar. **Frontier** · In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar ### Event-based and neuromorphic cameras Sensors that report changes per pixel at microsecond rates with very low power. EMVA 1288 (reference for characterisation) In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar ### Spectrum monitoring receivers Measured occupancy, interference and emissions across bands at a site. ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring · ITU-R SM.1880 (spectrum occupancy measurement) In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar ### Direction finding and emitter geolocation Locating interference and unknown emitters by angle and time difference of arrival. ITU-R SM.854 (direction finding) · ITU-R Handbook on Spectrum Monitoring In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar ### Acoustic and noise monitoring Class 1 sound level meters and microphone arrays for environmental noise and event detection. IEC 61672-1 (sound level meters) · ISO 1996-2 (environmental noise) In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar ### EO/IR cameras Visible and thermal cameras characterised for sensitivity, noise and resolution. EMVA 1288 (camera characterisation) · ISO 12233 (resolution measurement) In situ sensors and instruments · RF, acoustics, cameras and radar ### PTZ and networked video systems Pan-tilt-zoom and fixed cameras for wildfire watch, sites and coastlines, with interoperable control. IEC 62676 series (video surveillance systems) · ONVIF Profiles S, T and M [All 9 in this layer](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/rf-acoustics-cameras-and-radar/) **07** Every domain ## The rest of the spectrum. The domains whose layers serve this industry, each with its full directory. [Layers · 8 · items · 62 5G and 6G radio access networksThe radio access network from site to spectrum: macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters, massive MIMO, NR bands and TDD synchronisation, NR features such as RedCap, positioning and sidelink, private and shared networks, Wi-Fi coexistence, 6G and ISAC, and the planning and assurance that keep it working.](https://observatory.global/technologies/ran/) [Layers · 8 · items · 60 AI-RAN and Open RANDisaggregated, software-defined and AI-assisted radio access: the O-RAN architecture and its open interfaces, 7.2x fronthaul, RAN intelligent controllers with xApps and rApps, SMO and O-Cloud, accelerated L1, shared GPU infrastructure for RAN and AI, AI/ML in the 3GPP air interface, energy saving, and the test and integration work that makes multi-supplier RAN deployable.](https://observatory.global/technologies/airan/) [Layers · 8 · items · 60 Core and transport networksThe networks behind the radio: the 5G core and its functions, slicing and edge breakout, IMS voice and emergency calling, fronthaul, midhaul and backhaul over microwave, E-band, fibre, free-space optics and satellite, IP/MPLS and segment routing, IPv6, automation and intent, and the security that holds it together.](https://observatory.global/technologies/core/) [Layers · 8 · items · 66 Satellite and space systemsThe space segment end to end: orbits and constellations, spacecraft buses, communications and Earth observation payloads, inter-satellite links, tracking and command, space safety, launch, and the licensing and filings that let a system operate over a site.](https://observatory.global/technologies/satellite/) [Layers · 8 · items · 63 Ground segmentEverything on the ground that talks to spacecraft: gateways and teleports, user terminals, modems and software-defined radio, shared antenna networks, CCSDS protocol stacks, mission control, data processing and the spectrum coordination behind each earth station.](https://observatory.global/technologies/ground/) [Layers · 7 · items · 59 Spectrum, timing and PNTThe shared foundations every network and sensor depends on: how spectrum is licensed, shared and monitored, GNSS positioning and its corrections, packet timing with PTP and SyncE, grandmasters and holdover, resilient PNT alternatives, and the detection of interference, jamming and spoofing.](https://observatory.global/technologies/timing/) [Layers · 8 · items · 54 IoT, LPWAN and meshThe radios, networks, gateways, device management and field protocols that connect low-power sensors and controllers to the grid, sized to a measured power budget.](https://observatory.global/technologies/iot/) [Layers · 8 · items · 66 Field operations and lifecycleEverything that happens on the ground across a site's life: survey, permits, design packs, logistics, installation, acceptance, training, operations, maintenance, upgrades, decommission and recycling, done safely and recorded as evidence.](https://observatory.global/technologies/field/) [Layers · 8 · items · 64 Power, energy and ruggedisationHow a remote site is powered, stored, distributed, cooled, sealed, tested, grounded, held up and kept safe, from a solar-powered sensor to a hybrid microgrid on a guyed mast.](https://observatory.global/technologies/power/) [Layers · 8 · items · 61 In situ sensors and instrumentsInstruments placed in the air, water, ground and spectrum, from weather stations to seismometers, radars and cameras, with the calibration, metadata and quality control that make their readings evidence.](https://observatory.global/technologies/sensors/) [Layers · 8 · items · 59 Data, software and interoperabilityHow observations move from the edge into stores, catalogues and APIs with their provenance, licence and residency attached, and how they interoperate through open standards and the open Observatory Protocol.](https://observatory.global/technologies/data/) [Layers · 8 · items · 65 Compute and edgeCompute placed where data is produced and decisions are needed: the device, far, near and regional edge tiers, multi-access edge computing, modular edge data centres including the AI tower in a box, servers and accelerators, storage, power and cooling, ruggedisation, fleet orchestration, OTA and GitOps, and the hardware trust that makes remote sites safe to run.](https://observatory.global/technologies/edge/) [Layers · 8 · items · 61 Security, identity and trustHow every node proves what it is and what it runs, how links and keys are protected, how software is traced to its source, how personal data is minimised, and how incidents are found and handled.](https://observatory.global/technologies/security/) ## Bring us the site. Survey, design, deployment and operation for events. The form names who receives your details. 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