--- title: "Wind farms monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "A wind farm is decided on measured wind and judged on measured performance. Before construction, masts and lidar establish the resource for financing…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/energy/wind/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Energy](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/fields/) / **Wind farms** # Wind farms, measured from the resource to the rotor. A wind farm is decided on measured wind and judged on measured performance. Before construction, masts and lidar establish the resource for financing; in operation, turbines report their own state while independent sensors check performance, condition, icing, lightning and wildlife. One observation network carries the project from the first mast to the twentieth year. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Energy **Measurements**: 5 **Sources cited**: 3 1. Energy · Wind farms Financed on wind, judged on performance A wind farm is financed on the wind it expects and judged on the power it delivers, for twenty years or more. Between those two numbers lie turbines that wear, ice that forms, lightning that strikes and wildlife that permits protect. Observation keeps every one of them measured and on the record. 2. What is measured Wind, rotor, ice and wildlife Met masts and ground-based lidar measure wind speed, direction and turbulence; sensors in the nacelle follow drivetrain vibration and temperature; icing and lightning sensors record events; wildlife radar and acoustic detectors record activity where the permit asks. Power comes from the turbines themselves. InstrumentsMet masts · Lidar · Drivetrain sensors · Icing · Lightning · Wildlife radar 3. The base node Gateways in the nacelle, a node at the substation Industrial gateways read wind and drivetrain sensors over Modbus; lidar and wildlife radar connect over Ethernet. The substation's node signs every value, computes performance against measured wind and condition trends, and keeps the record through outages of the farm's outside link. 4. Radio and links Fibre along the collector network The collector network's fibre reaches every turbine and carries observation data beside SCADA. A private network serves masts, radar, cameras and crews, satellite serves pre-construction masts, and cellular serves early masts where it reaches. Each path is chosen from the survey. LinksFibre · Private LTE · Satellite · Public cellular 5. How it works From an anemometer to a performance report A cup or sonic anemometer reports through its gateway, the lidar reports directly, and the substation's node combines both with turbine output, signs the result and stores it. Each test period, performance is computed against measured wind following international methods and reported to the owner. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope the resource or the fleet For a project, the scope covers resource measurement to the standard lenders expect; for an operating farm, performance, condition, icing and wildlife monitoring. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the measurement plan, the radio approach, the reporting and a price per mast, per turbine and per farm. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Survey the site with the wind engineer Crews visit candidate mast and lidar positions or the operating farm with the owner's wind engineer. They check terrain and obstacles, access roads, coverage, existing turbine SCADA and condition systems, and record every position with coordinates and photos. Sight lines for wildlife radar and coverage for private radio are checked across the whole site. 8. From order to operation · Permits Masts, aviation and wildlife Masts need planning consent and, often, aviation marking; wildlife monitoring follows the permit's conditions. Access to turbines follows the operator's safety rules for working at height, and integration with turbine SCADA is agreed with the turbine supplier's service team. Every consent and condition is kept with the mast or turbine it applies to. 9. From order to operation · Build Build masts and nacelle kits Met stations, lidar enclosures, nacelle sensor kits, gateways and the substation node are built and tested, each enrolled with its identity and the mast or turbine it serves. Calibration certificates for wind sensors are kept with each instrument. Nacelle kits are prepared per turbine model, so installation fits the maintenance visit. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Install masts, then turbines Masts and lidar are installed and levelled first, then sensors in nacelles during scheduled maintenance, wildlife radar where required and the substation node. Every position is checked against the plan and photographed. Lidar and masts are placed where the measurement plan requires, clear of turbine wakes where the method demands it. Each position is surveyed so later analyses use the right coordinates. 11. From order to operation · Commission Commission against references Each node proves its identity; wind sensors are checked against their calibrations and, where planned, lidar against a mast. Condition sensors are checked against the turbine's own readings, and alerts are tested from nacelle to console. Results are signed into the farm's record before operation begins. 12. From order to operation · Operate Performance, condition and conditions The console shows each turbine's performance against measured wind, condition trends, icing and lightning events and wildlife activity. Alerts arrive with their data, and performance reports are produced for owners and lenders' engineers. Every alert, curtailment and response is logged against the turbine it concerns, so patterns across the fleet can be found. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Twenty years of consistent data Wind sensors are recalibrated or exchanged on schedule, lidar is serviced, nacelle kits are checked during maintenance and software moves in rings. The farm's record stays consistent across decades, so performance can be compared year to year. Sensor exchanges are overlapped where the method requires, so the series stays continuous. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products For developers, owners and lenders Developers and lenders' engineers receive resource reports; owners and asset managers see performance; maintenance teams receive condition alerts; operators and insurers receive icing and lightning records; permitting authorities receive wildlife records. Every product rests on the same calibrated, signed measurements. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence Measurements lenders accept Calibration certificates, validation of lidar against masts, every alert and every report are kept as signed records. Resource and performance measurements follow international wind energy methods, and turbine data follows the wind power plant communication standard, so independent engineers can verify the results. Drawn againstIEC 61400-12-1 · IEC 61400-25 · ISO 20816 16. What you get Sensing as a Service Observation networks designed, installed, operated and maintained for a monthly fee: weather, hydromet, air, seismic and environmental stations, with data delivered under a licence. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for agencies, utilities, municipalities, insurers, agribusiness. Scale: Global, multi-site, per-site pricing. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan wind farms with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for wind farms. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextOnshore wind farms place tens of turbines across ridges and plains, joined by a collector network to a substation. Resource assessment uses met masts and ground-based lidar to support financing, and power performance is tested against international methods. In operation, turbine controllers report to SCADA, while condition monitoring, ice detection and wildlife monitoring are required by owners, insurers or permits. Hazards - Gearbox, bearing and blade failures - Ice accretion and ice throw - Lightning strikes on blades - Collision risk for birds and bats - Underperformance against the financed energy yield **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Wind speed, direction and turbulence | Met masts and ground-based lidar at representative positions | Continuous, averaged as the methods require | 12 | | Power performance | Selected turbines against the measured wind | Continuous, evaluated per test period | 1 | | Drivetrain vibration and temperature | Gearboxes, main bearings and generators | Continuous | 3 | | Icing conditions | Nacelles and met masts | Continuous | 2 | | Bird and bat activity | Radar and acoustic detectors as the permit requires | Continuous in the seasons the permit sets | — | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A met or nacelle station: wind, icing and vibration sensors read through an industrial gateway, and a node that signs and keeps every value. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A wind farm: met masts or lidar, condition monitoring on turbines, wildlife radar where required, joined to the substation by the collector network's fibre. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet Every farm of an owner run as one fleet, with one performance and condition record. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Owners, lenders' engineers, operators and grid operators read federated records, each with the access their role gives them. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Lidar scanner - **02** Compact weather station - **03** Vibration and condition monitor - **04** Surveillance radar (FMCW) - **05** OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) - **06** Edge node (Wedge) - **07** Fibre terminal - **08** Solar array - **09** Lattice tower Radio and links ### Fibre The collector network's fibre reaches every turbine and the substation, and carries observation data alongside turbine SCADA. Radio and links ### Private LTE A private network across the farm serves met masts, wildlife radar, cameras and crews without trenching. Radio and links ### Satellite Masts measuring the resource before construction usually have no network; satellite carries their data. Radio and links ### Public cellular Where coverage exists, cellular modems serve early met masts at low cost. Edge computeAn edge node at the substation computes performance against measured wind, flags condition trends and icing and keeps the farm's record during any outage. PowerMet masts and lidar run on solar and batteries before the farm is built; afterwards stations take power from the collector network with battery backup. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Wind farms: data path – of 07 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Gateway 03 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 04 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 05 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 06 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 07 Products IEC 61400-25OPC UA (IEC 62541)OGC SensorThings API 08 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC to thefield equipment 01 Lidar scanner Ethernet · USB 02 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Vibration and condition monitor Analogue I/O · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 Surveillance radar (FMCW) Ethernet 05 OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) Ethernet · RS-485 · CAN · AnalogueI/O 06 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 07 Fibre terminal Fibre · Ethernet Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Wind resource reports forfinancing Power performance againstmeasured wind Condition alerts with trends Icing and lightning eventrecords Wildlife monitoring records 08 Solar array RS-485 09 Lattice tower Ethernet RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus Ethernet Ethernet · opc-ua Fibre Fibre From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Lidar scanner** Terrestrial or mobile lidar for 3D scans of terrain, structures and vegetation. | EthernetUSB | MQTT 5 | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Vibration and condition monitor** Accelerometer-based vibration and temperature sensor for rotating machinery and structural condition monitoring. | Analogue I/ORS-485Ethernet | Modbus, OPC UA, MQTT 5 | 12 V DC | | 04 | **Surveillance radar (FMCW)** Short-range FMCW radar for perimeter, traffic, drone and water-surface detection. | Ethernet | MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 05 | **OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus)** Read-only bridge from industrial fieldbuses and controllers (Modbus, OPC UA, DNP3, IEC 61850, CAN) to the site network, behind a security boundary. | EthernetRS-485CANAnalogue I/O | OPC UA, Modbus, DNP3 (IEEE 1815), IEC 61850 (MMS, GOOSE), MQTT 5 | 24 V DC | | 06 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 07 | **Fibre terminal** Optical network terminal or media converter that lands fibre backhaul at a site. | FibreEthernet | IEEE 1588 PTP | 12 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 08 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — | | 09 | **Lattice tower** Self-supporting or guyed lattice tower for macro radios, links and instruments. | — | — | — | **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the resource or the fleet For a project, the scope covers resource measurement to the standard lenders expect; for an operating farm, performance, condition, icing and wildlife monitoring. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the measurement plan, the radio approach, the reporting and a price per mast, per turbine and per farm. 1 2. 02 Survey Survey the site with the wind engineer Crews visit candidate mast and lidar positions or the operating farm with the owner's wind engineer. They check terrain and obstacles, access roads, coverage, existing turbine SCADA and condition systems, and record every position with coordinates and photos. Sight lines for wildlife radar and coverage for private radio are checked across the whole site. 3. 03 Permits Masts, aviation and wildlife Masts need planning consent and, often, aviation marking; wildlife monitoring follows the permit's conditions. Access to turbines follows the operator's safety rules for working at height, and integration with turbine SCADA is agreed with the turbine supplier's service team. Every consent and condition is kept with the mast or turbine it applies to. 4. 04 Build Build masts and nacelle kits Met stations, lidar enclosures, nacelle sensor kits, gateways and the substation node are built and tested, each enrolled with its identity and the mast or turbine it serves. Calibration certificates for wind sensors are kept with each instrument. Nacelle kits are prepared per turbine model, so installation fits the maintenance visit. 5. 05 Install Install masts, then turbines Masts and lidar are installed and levelled first, then sensors in nacelles during scheduled maintenance, wildlife radar where required and the substation node. Every position is checked against the plan and photographed. Lidar and masts are placed where the measurement plan requires, clear of turbine wakes where the method demands it. Each position is surveyed so later analyses use the right coordinates. 6. 06 Commission Commission against references Each node proves its identity; wind sensors are checked against their calibrations and, where planned, lidar against a mast. Condition sensors are checked against the turbine's own readings, and alerts are tested from nacelle to console. Results are signed into the farm's record before operation begins. 7. 07 Operate Performance, condition and conditions The console shows each turbine's performance against measured wind, condition trends, icing and lightning events and wildlife activity. Alerts arrive with their data, and performance reports are produced for owners and lenders' engineers. Every alert, curtailment and response is logged against the turbine it concerns, so patterns across the fleet can be found. 8. 08 Maintain Twenty years of consistent data Wind sensors are recalibrated or exchanged on schedule, lidar is serviced, nacelle kits are checked during maintenance and software moves in rings. The farm's record stays consistent across decades, so performance can be compared year to year. Sensor exchanges are overlapped where the method requires, so the series stays continuous. **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Wind resource reports for financing** Developers and lenders' engineers - **Power performance against measured wind** Owners, asset managers and lenders - **Condition alerts with trends** Maintenance teams and turbine service providers - **Icing and lightning event records** Operators, insurers and safety managers - **Wildlife monitoring records** Environmental managers and permitting authorities Integration - **Turbine SCADA** Turbine data is read through the farm's SCADA interfaces, including IEC 61400-25 where available. - **Asset management** Condition alerts and performance results feed the owner's asset management system. - **Grid operator** Measured wind and availability support the forecasts the farm provides to the grid operator. Exchanged through IEC 61400-25, OPC UA (IEC 62541), OGC SensorThings API. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Can lidar replace a met mast? For many purposes ground-based lidar is accepted when validated against a mast or by recognised methods; the plan states which approach lenders will accept for your project. Does this replace turbine SCADA? No. It reads turbine SCADA and adds independent measurements beside it. Can wildlife monitoring curtail turbines automatically? Detections can be offered to the turbine control system, but curtailment rules are set by the permit and the operator. Who owns the measured wind data? The project owner. Data is shared with lenders and others under the owner's licence. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [IEC 61400-12-1: Wind energy generation systems, power performance measurements](https://www.iec.ch/) International Electrotechnical Commission 2. **2** [Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 3. **3** [ISO 20816: Mechanical vibration, measurement and evaluation of machine vibration](https://www.iso.org/search.html?q=ISO%2020816) International Organization for Standardization **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Use case Bankable solar and wind resource stationA met mast or lidar with secondary-standard pyranometers and a traceable calibration chain, for a measurement campaign lenders accept.The full use case →](https://observatory.global/use-cases/bankable-solar-wind/) [Solution Sensing as a ServiceObservation networks designed, installed, operated and maintained for a monthly fee: weather, hydromet, air, seismic and environmental stations, with data delivered under a licence.Solutions for energy →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/solutions/#sensing-service) [Solution Mine, plant and port site monitoringSlope radar, tailings monitoring, dust and water, and site connectivity for operations and closure.Solutions for energy →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/solutions/#industrial-site-monitoring) [Solution Private and federated observing gridsDesign and operation of an organisation's own grid on the open protocol, with provider admission, device qualification and federation across trust domains.Solutions for energy →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/solutions/#grid-operations) **10** Energy: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Upstream oil and gasMethane detection and quantification at wellpads and facilities, flare and tank monitoring, wellhead flow and pressure, on satellite and private links for sites with no one on them.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/upstream-oil-gas/) [Specialized field Pipelines and midstreamLeak detection, cathodic protection, pressure and flow along the line, geohazards at crossings and compressor and pump stations, on LoRaWAN, satellite and private links over hundreds of kilometres.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/pipelines/) [Specialized field Thermal power plantsContinuous emissions, machine condition, cooling water and plant weather for gas, coal and biomass plants, with an industrial network that keeps the control system separate and secure.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/thermal-generation/) [Specialized field Hydropower and damsDam safety instruments, reservoir and river levels, inflow forecasting and downstream warning, with links that keep working in the flood the dam is there to hold.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/hydropower/) [Specialized field Solar power plantsIrradiance, module temperature, soiling, inverter output and plant weather to international monitoring classes, for bankable performance ratios and fewer surprises in operation.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/solar/) [Specialized field Transmission networksLine ratings from measured weather and conductor state, wildfire and vegetation watch, substation automation and synchrophasor timing, on private LTE, microwave and fibre along the corridor.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/transmission/) [Specialized field Distribution networks and the grid edgeFeeder and transformer monitoring, distributed energy resources, fault location and outage evidence, on a utility private network that reaches every pole and substation.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/energy/distribution/) ### Bring us the site. 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