--- title: "Greenhouse gas monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "Countries and cities report emissions from inventories. The atmosphere keeps its own account: carbon dioxide and methane measured precisely on tall towers…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/climate/greenhouse-gases/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Climate](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/fields/) / **Greenhouse gas monitoring** # Emissions, checked against the atmosphere. Countries and cities report emissions from inventories. The atmosphere keeps its own account: carbon dioxide and methane measured precisely on tall towers and across cities, tied to the global calibration scales, show whether reported emissions and reductions are real. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Climate **Measurements**: 4 **Sources cited**: 6 1. Climate · Greenhouse gas monitoring The atmosphere keeps its own account Countries and cities report emissions from inventories built on activity data and factors. The atmosphere keeps a second, independent account. Inventory guidelines now recognise atmospheric measurements as a check, and the global greenhouse gas watch is building the operational system to make that check routine. 2. What is measured Gases at several heights Precision analysers measure carbon dioxide and methane drawn from inlets at several heights on tall towers and rooftops. Reference gases tied to the global scales calibrate them on a fixed sequence, and weather sensors record wind, temperature and the conditions that shape the boundary layer. InstrumentsPrecision gas analysers · Calibration gases · Weather sensors 3. The base node Calibrated at the station The node runs the calibration sequence, applies each calibration to the readings, flags local contamination from wind direction and spikes, and computes hourly values with their uncertainty, so every number sent is already tied to the global scales and carries its own quality flags. 4. Radio and links Fibre in town, cellular in the country Tall towers and rooftops in cities usually have fibre, which carries data and remote diagnostics. Cellular is the second path and the only one at many rural towers. Data reach the network's data centre and the global centres in their formats. LinksFibre · Public cellular 5. How it works From a tower to an inventory check Methane rises at two towers downwind of a landfill region every night. The inversion attributes more emission to the region than the inventory reports. The agency investigates, finds an unreported source, and the next inventory is corrected, with the atmospheric evidence on record. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope the question The scope starts from the question: a national inventory check, a city's emissions or a facility region. It reads existing stations, towers and partners. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns a station plan, calibration design, data processing and a price per station and per year. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Survey towers and rooftops Crews survey candidate towers and rooftops: height, footprint over the area of interest, nearby local sources, room for a shelter, power and backhaul. Footprints are modelled from local weather to choose the best inlets. Findings are recorded with drawings. Every finding is kept with the site record for the crews who follow. 8. From order to operation · Permits Tower owners and gases Tower owners agree to inlets and shelters under their climbing and safety rules, building owners approve rooftop work, and storage of high-pressure calibration cylinders follows gas safety rules. Every agreement is kept with the station record. Approvals are tracked site by site, so nothing waits unseen. 9. From order to operation · Build Build and calibrate Analysers are tested in the laboratory against reference gases traceable to the global scales, inlet systems are leak-tested, nodes are configured with the calibration sequence, enrolled with their identities and run together for weeks before shipping. Test results travel with the kit to the site. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Install inlets and shelter Crews run inlet lines up the tower to several heights, install the shelter with the analyser, calibration gases, weather sensors and node, and connect power and backhaul. Every line, height and part is recorded with photographs. The site record is updated before the crew leaves. 11. From order to operation · Commission Commission against the scale Each node proves its identity. Target gases of known value are measured blind, inlets are leak-checked again, and results are compared with a travelling standard. The station enters the network when its compatibility meets the agreed goals. Results are signed and kept with the site record. 12. From order to operation · Operate Check emissions continuously Scientists and agencies see every station's readings, calibrations and flags. Atmospheric inversions turn the network's data into emissions estimates each month, and they are compared with the inventory, with every difference explained or investigated. Reports for owners and funders come from the same record. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Keep the scale Calibration gases are replaced before they run low and re-tied to the global scales, analysers are serviced on the agreed plan, software updates roll out in rings, and comparisons with neighbouring stations catch drift. Every change is kept with the station record. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products For scientists and inventory agencies Scientists and global centres receive calibrated greenhouse gas records; inventory agencies and cities receive atmospheric emissions estimates; network managers receive station quality reports; governments and the public receive policy evaluation reports, each tied to its stations, its calibration history and the period it covers. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence Traceable to the global scales Measurements meet the compatibility goals of the global atmosphere watch experts and the research infrastructure station specifications, estimates follow the inventory guidelines' use of atmospheric data, and results support the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement. Every reading keeps its calibration history. Drawn againstGAW Report No. 255 · ICOS Atmosphere Station Specifications · 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines · Paris Agreement, Article 13 16. What you get Environmental and permit monitoring Emissions, water quality, noise and dust monitoring for permit conditions, with traceable calibration and evidence bundles. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for industrial operators, municipalities, regulators. Scale: Site to portfolio. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan greenhouse gas monitoring with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for greenhouse gas monitoring. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextCountries report greenhouse gas inventories under the transparency framework of the Paris Agreement, compiled with international inventory guidelines that now recognise atmospheric measurements as a check. Measurements must meet the compatibility goals set by the global atmosphere watch experts, research infrastructures publish station specifications, and the global greenhouse gas watch is building an operational system on them. Hazards - Measurements not tied to the global calibration scales - Local sources near the inlet distorting background readings - Analysers drifting between calibrations - Gaps when cylinders run out or pumps fail - Emissions estimates that no one checks against the air **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Carbon dioxide and methane mole fractions | Inlets at several heights on tall towers and rooftops | Continuous, averaged each minute | 12 | | Calibration against reference gases | Standards traceable to the global scales | On schedule, daily targets | 1 | | Wind, temperature and boundary layer conditions | The tower and a weather station | Every minute | 32 | | Emissions evaluation | Atmospheric inversions compared with the inventory | Monthly and annually | 45 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A station: a precision gas analyser with its inlet system and calibration gases, weather sensors and an edge node. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A site: the station on a tall tower or rooftop, with a shelter, conditioned power and a backhaul. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet A national or city network of stations run to one calibration plan, with one data centre. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Networks exchange data with global centres and research infrastructures, tied to the global calibration scales. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Air quality monitor - **02** Compact weather station - **03** Sensor and instrument gateway - **04** Edge node (Wedge) - **05** Fibre terminal - **06** Cellular modem/router - **07** Lattice tower - **08** Shelter Radio and links ### Fibre Tall towers and rooftops in cities usually have fibre; data and remote diagnostics ride it. Radio and links ### Public cellular Cellular is the second path and the only one at rural towers. Edge computeThe node runs the calibration sequence, applies the calibrations to every reading, flags local contamination from wind and spikes, and computes hourly values with their uncertainty before sending them. PowerMains with an uninterruptible supply; the analyser and inlet system need stable power and temperature, so the shelter is conditioned. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Greenhouse gas monitoring: data path – of 07 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Gateway 03 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 04 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 05 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 06 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 07 Products WMO WIS 2.0netCDF-CFOGC SensorThings API 08 Power and structure Precision greenhouse gas analyserwith inlet and calibration system Not in the reference kit 01 Air quality monitor SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Sensor and instrument gateway SDI-12 · RS-485 · Analogue I/O ·Ethernet · USB 04 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 05 Fibre terminal Fibre · Ethernet 06 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Calibrated greenhouse gas records Atmospheric emissions estimates Station quality reports Policy evaluation reports 07 Lattice tower 08 Shelter Ethernet RS-485 · Modbus SDI-12 · SDI-12 Ethernet · MQTT 5 Ethernet Ethernet Fibre LTE/NR From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Air quality monitor** Particulate and gas monitor (PM, NO2, O3, CO, SO2) for outdoor or indoor air. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Sensor and instrument gateway** Data logger and gateway that reads instruments on SDI-12, RS-485, analogue and Ethernet ports and publishes observations with calibration and time. | SDI-12RS-485Analogue I/OEthernetUSB | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API, OGC API Connected Systems, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 04 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 05 | **Fibre terminal** Optical network terminal or media converter that lands fibre backhaul at a site. | FibreEthernet | IEEE 1588 PTP | 12 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 06 | **Cellular modem/router** LTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 07 | **Lattice tower** Self-supporting or guyed lattice tower for macro radios, links and instruments. | — | — | — | | 08 | **Shelter** Walk-in shelter or container with HVAC, fire detection and power distribution. | — | — | — | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the question The scope starts from the question: a national inventory check, a city's emissions or a facility region. It reads existing stations, towers and partners. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns a station plan, calibration design, data processing and a price per station and per year. 46 2. 02 Survey Survey towers and rooftops Crews survey candidate towers and rooftops: height, footprint over the area of interest, nearby local sources, room for a shelter, power and backhaul. Footprints are modelled from local weather to choose the best inlets. Findings are recorded with drawings. Every finding is kept with the site record for the crews who follow. 2 3. 03 Permits Tower owners and gases Tower owners agree to inlets and shelters under their climbing and safety rules, building owners approve rooftop work, and storage of high-pressure calibration cylinders follows gas safety rules. Every agreement is kept with the station record. Approvals are tracked site by site, so nothing waits unseen. 4. 04 Build Build and calibrate Analysers are tested in the laboratory against reference gases traceable to the global scales, inlet systems are leak-tested, nodes are configured with the calibration sequence, enrolled with their identities and run together for weeks before shipping. Test results travel with the kit to the site. 1 5. 05 Install Install inlets and shelter Crews run inlet lines up the tower to several heights, install the shelter with the analyser, calibration gases, weather sensors and node, and connect power and backhaul. Every line, height and part is recorded with photographs. The site record is updated before the crew leaves. 6. 06 Commission Commission against the scale Each node proves its identity. Target gases of known value are measured blind, inlets are leak-checked again, and results are compared with a travelling standard. The station enters the network when its compatibility meets the agreed goals. Results are signed and kept with the site record. 12 7. 07 Operate Check emissions continuously Scientists and agencies see every station's readings, calibrations and flags. Atmospheric inversions turn the network's data into emissions estimates each month, and they are compared with the inventory, with every difference explained or investigated. Reports for owners and funders come from the same record. 5 8. 08 Maintain Keep the scale Calibration gases are replaced before they run low and re-tied to the global scales, analysers are serviced on the agreed plan, software updates roll out in rings, and comparisons with neighbouring stations catch drift. Every change is kept with the station record. 1 **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Calibrated greenhouse gas records** Scientists and global centres - **Atmospheric emissions estimates** Inventory agencies and cities - **Station quality reports** Network managers - **Policy evaluation reports** Governments and the public Integration - **National inventory** Atmospheric estimates are compared with the inventory in the agency's own tools. - **Global centres** Data are submitted to global data centres in their formats. - **City climate plans** Urban estimates feed the city's climate reporting. Exchanged through WMO WIS 2.0, netCDF-CF, OGC SensorThings API. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Can it check our inventory? Yes, through atmospheric inversions compared with reported emissions. Are measurements traceable? Yes, to the global calibration scales through reference gases. How many stations do we need? It depends on the question; the scope models it. Can it see a single facility? With inlets downwind and enough data, regional sources can be resolved. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [GAW Report No. 255: 20th WMO/IAEA Meeting on Carbon Dioxide, Other Greenhouse Gases and Related Measurement Techniques (GGMT-2019)](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization · 2020 2. **2** [ICOS Atmosphere Station Specifications](https://www.icos-cp.eu/) Integrated Carbon Observation System 3. **3** [WMO-No. 8: Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 4. **4** [2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories](https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change · 2019 5. **5** [Global Greenhouse Gas Watch (G3W)](https://wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 6. **6** [Paris Agreement, Article 13: Enhanced transparency framework](https://unfccc.int/) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change · 2015 **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Use case Hybrid air-quality observatoryA few reference analysers and many low-cost nodes, with co-location calibration and an open-data feed.The full use case →](https://observatory.global/use-cases/hybrid-air-quality/) [Solution Environmental and permit monitoringEmissions, water quality, noise and dust monitoring for permit conditions, with traceable calibration and evidence bundles.Solutions for climate →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/solutions/#environmental-compliance) [Solution Research site and instrument servicesSite power, connectivity, timing and operations for telescopes, flux towers and research stations.Solutions for climate →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/solutions/#research-site-services) [Solution Observation data products and evidence bundlesLicensed feeds and archives with metadata, quality flags and provenance on every value; evidence bundles for audits and claims processes.Solutions for climate →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/solutions/#observation-data) **10** Climate: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Ecosystem carbon and water fluxesEddy covariance towers that measure how much carbon, water and energy forests, crops and wetlands exchange with the air, for climate science, carbon accounting and land management.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/ecosystem-fluxes/) [Specialized field Climate reference stationsLong-term surface stations built to reference standards, with redundant sensors and complete metadata, so the climate record they keep is trusted for decades.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/climate-reference/) [Specialized field Glaciers, snow and mountain waterGlacier, snow and runoff stations in high mountains, measuring the ice and snow that store water for the valleys below and change fastest in a warming climate.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/climate/mountain-cryosphere/) ### Bring us the site. 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