--- title: "Greenhouses and controlled environment | Nexus Observatory" description: "A greenhouse grows to a recipe of light, heat, humidity, carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. Independent sensors, energy meters and an outside weather…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/greenhouses/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Agriculture](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/fields/) / **Greenhouses and controlled environment** # Greenhouses, with the climate on record. A greenhouse grows to a recipe of light, heat, humidity, carbon dioxide, water and nutrients. Independent sensors, energy meters and an outside weather station report to a record beside the climate computer, so growers can check the recipe, find faults early and account for energy and water. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Agriculture **Measurements**: 6 **Sources cited**: 4 1. Agriculture · Greenhouses and controlled environment A recipe only as good as its sensors A greenhouse follows its recipe because a climate computer reads sensors and drives heating, vents, screens, lights and dosing. When one of those sensors drifts, the whole compartment drifts with it, and the crop shows it weeks later. Independent measurement beside the controller catches the fault while it is still cheap. 2. What is measured Climate, carbon dioxide, water and energy Ventilated sensors read temperature and humidity at crop height, others read carbon dioxide away from dosing outlets. Substrate sensors and drain meters follow water, conductivity and pH sensors follow nutrients, meters count heat, light and water, and an outside station measures the weather the greenhouse answers to. InstrumentsClimate sensors · Carbon dioxide · Substrate sensors · Conductivity and pH · Energy meters · Outside weather 3. The base node A second opinion beside the controller An industrial gateway reads the independent sensors and, read-only, the climate computer's own values. The edge node signs every value, compares the two sets and flags a drifting controller sensor, and watches heating and ventilation for failure on cold and hot nights. 4. Radio and links Fibre out, wireless between the rows The site's fixed broadband carries data and cameras to the office and the record. Inside, wireless reaches compartments without new cables between the rows, and battery sensors in the crop report over LoRaWAN so nothing trails across the paths of trolleys and workers. LinksFibre · Wi-Fi · LoRaWAN 5. How it works From a drifting sensor to a fix A climate computer's humidity sensor starts reading low. The independent sensor beside it disagrees, the gateway passes both to the edge node, and the node raises a drift alert to the grower and the technician. The sensor is replaced, and the record keeps both readings and the fix. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope the compartments and the recipe The scope reads the site layout, the climate computer and its sensors, the fertigation system, energy supplies and the grower's recipe. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the independent point plan, the link with the climate computer, the network design and a price per compartment and per service. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Measure where the crop lives Crews walk each compartment with the grower to find representative points at crop height, away from heating pipes, vents and dosing outlets. They locate the fertigation room, energy meters and a roof or mast site for the outside station, and check wireless coverage between the rows. 8. From order to operation · Permits Structures and the controller Anything fixed to the structure respects its design standard and the builder's guidance. The link to the climate computer is read-only and agreed with its supplier and the grower, so independent measurement never changes the control. Data sharing with advisers is written into the contract. 9. From order to operation · Build Build beside the climate computer Sensors, the gateway, energy meters and the outside station are built, tested together and enrolled with their identities. The gateway is configured to read the climate computer's own values without writing to it. Each sensor is labelled with its compartment and its position. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Install without stopping the crop Crews install between crop operations, mounting ventilated climate sensors at crop height, placing substrate sensors in representative slabs, fitting conductivity and pH sensors on supply and drain, and mounting the outside station clear of the ridge. Every point is photographed for the record. 11. From order to operation · Commission Compare with the climate computer Each device proves its identity. Independent sensors are compared with reference instruments and with the climate computer's own sensors, conductivity and pH with reference solutions, and energy meters with supply readings. Failure and condensation alerts are tested to the grower's phone. 12. From order to operation · Operate Check the recipe every day Growers see each compartment's climate, carbon dioxide and substrate water against the recipe, with the climate computer's own readings beside them. A drifting controller sensor is flagged, failures raise alarms at once, and energy and water use are tracked per compartment and per crop. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Calibrate between crops Between crops, climate sensors are checked against a reference, carbon dioxide sensors recalibrated, conductivity and pH probes cleaned and checked with solutions, and the outside station cleaned. Every change is recorded, so crop-to-crop comparisons stay honest. Spares are kept on the bench, so a failed sensor is swapped the same day. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products For growers, technicians and partners Growers receive compartment climate against the recipe; technicians receive drift alerts; auditors receive fertigation records; site managers and energy partners receive energy and water accounts per crop. Each product carries the calibration of the sensors behind it, so crops can be compared across seasons and sites. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence A recipe you can audit Every reading, calibration, alert and change is signed and kept. Practice follows FAO good agricultural practice for greenhouse crops, nutrient water quality follows FAO guidance, structures follow their design standard, and data is exchanged through open standards, so an adviser or auditor can check the recipe. Drawn againstFAO Paper 217 · FAO Paper 29 · EN 13031-1 · OPC UA 16. What you get Agricultural field observatories Soil moisture profiles, micro-weather and evapotranspiration with irrigation thresholds per field. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for growers, agribusiness, irrigation districts, crop insurers. Scale: Farm to region. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan greenhouses and controlled environment with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for greenhouses and controlled environment. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextGreenhouses and vertical farms control their climate with a climate computer that drives heating, vents, screens, lighting, carbon dioxide dosing and fertigation. The structures are built to design standards, energy is a major cost, and growers follow good practice for water, nutrients and crop protection. Independent measurement checks the controller and the crop. Hazards - A failed sensor steering the climate computer wrong - Heating or ventilation failure on a cold or hot night - Disease favoured by condensation and high humidity - Nutrient dosing errors in recirculating water - Energy and water costs out of control **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Air temperature and humidity | Ventilated sensors at crop height in each compartment | Continuous | 12 | | Carbon dioxide | Each compartment, away from dosing outlets | Continuous | 1 | | Substrate water and drain | Representative slabs and the drain of each irrigation group | Continuous | 1 | | Nutrient solution conductivity and pH | Supply and drain of the fertigation system | Continuous | 3 | | Outside weather | A station on the roof ridge or a mast clear of the structure | Continuous | 24 | | Energy and water use | Meters on heating, lighting and water supplies | Continuous, totalled daily | 1 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A compartment point: climate, carbon dioxide and substrate sensors on an industrial gateway beside the climate computer. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A greenhouse: every compartment, the fertigation room, the energy meters and an outside weather station on one edge node and a fibre link. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet Every site of a grower group run as one fleet, with one calibration process and one record. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Growers, advisers and energy partners exchange observations and energy records through open standards. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Air quality monitor - **02** Soil probe - **03** Water quality sonde - **04** Energy and power-quality meter - **05** Compact weather station - **06** OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) - **07** Edge node (Wedge) - **08** Fibre terminal Radio and links ### Fibre Glasshouse sites near towns usually have fixed broadband; fibre carries the site's data and camera traffic. Radio and links ### Wi-Fi Inside the glasshouse, wireless reaches compartments without new cabling between crop rows. Radio and links ### LoRaWAN Battery sensors in the crop report without cables that get in the way of trolleys and workers. Edge computeThe edge node compares independent sensors with the climate computer's own and flags a drifting controller sensor, watches heating and ventilation for failure and raises condensation and disease-risk alerts. PowerSensors and the node run on site mains with a battery for short outages; the alarm path keeps working when the site loses power. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Greenhouses and controlled environment: data path – of 07 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Gateway 03 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 04 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 05 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 06 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 07 Products OPC UAModbusOGC SensorThings API 01 Air quality monitor SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Soil probe SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 03 Water quality sonde SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 Energy andpower-quality meter SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 05 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 06 OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus) Ethernet · RS-485 · CAN · AnalogueI/O 07 Edge node (Wedge) Ethernet · Fibre · USB · RS-485 ·BMC 08 Fibre terminal Fibre · Ethernet Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Compartment climate against therecipe Controller sensor drift alerts Fertigation quality records Energy and water accounts per crop RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus RS-485 · Modbus Ethernet · opc-ua Fibre Fibre From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Air quality monitor** Particulate and gas monitor (PM, NO2, O3, CO, SO2) for outdoor or indoor air. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Soil probe** Probe for volumetric soil moisture, temperature and conductivity at one or more depths. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Water quality sonde** Multi-parameter sonde for temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 04 | **Energy and power-quality meter** Meter for voltage, current, power, energy and power quality at a site or on a feeder. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | Modbus, IEC 61850 (MMS, GOOSE), DNP3 (IEEE 1815), MQTT 5 | 12 V DC | | 05 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 06 | **OT gateway (OPC UA, Modbus)** Read-only bridge from industrial fieldbuses and controllers (Modbus, OPC UA, DNP3, IEC 61850, CAN) to the site network, behind a security boundary. | EthernetRS-485CANAnalogue I/O | OPC UA, Modbus, DNP3 (IEEE 1815), IEC 61850 (MMS, GOOSE), MQTT 5 | 24 V DC | | 07 | **Edge node (Wedge)** Rugged edge node that boots from signed media, attests itself and establishes a site cell from little or no infrastructure. | EthernetFibreUSBRS-485BMC | MQTT 5, DMTF Redfish, IEEE 1588 PTP, NTP with NTS, OPC UA | 12 V DC, 24 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | | 08 | **Fibre terminal** Optical network terminal or media converter that lands fibre backhaul at a site. | FibreEthernet | IEEE 1588 PTP | 12 V DC, 48 V DC, AC mains | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the compartments and the recipe The scope reads the site layout, the climate computer and its sensors, the fertigation system, energy supplies and the grower's recipe. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the independent point plan, the link with the climate computer, the network design and a price per compartment and per service. 1 2. 02 Survey Measure where the crop lives Crews walk each compartment with the grower to find representative points at crop height, away from heating pipes, vents and dosing outlets. They locate the fertigation room, energy meters and a roof or mast site for the outside station, and check wireless coverage between the rows. 3. 03 Permits Structures and the controller Anything fixed to the structure respects its design standard and the builder's guidance. The link to the climate computer is read-only and agreed with its supplier and the grower, so independent measurement never changes the control. Data sharing with advisers is written into the contract. 4 4. 04 Build Build beside the climate computer Sensors, the gateway, energy meters and the outside station are built, tested together and enrolled with their identities. The gateway is configured to read the climate computer's own values without writing to it. Each sensor is labelled with its compartment and its position. 5. 05 Install Install without stopping the crop Crews install between crop operations, mounting ventilated climate sensors at crop height, placing substrate sensors in representative slabs, fitting conductivity and pH sensors on supply and drain, and mounting the outside station clear of the ridge. Every point is photographed for the record. 6. 06 Commission Compare with the climate computer Each device proves its identity. Independent sensors are compared with reference instruments and with the climate computer's own sensors, conductivity and pH with reference solutions, and energy meters with supply readings. Failure and condensation alerts are tested to the grower's phone. 7. 07 Operate Check the recipe every day Growers see each compartment's climate, carbon dioxide and substrate water against the recipe, with the climate computer's own readings beside them. A drifting controller sensor is flagged, failures raise alarms at once, and energy and water use are tracked per compartment and per crop. 8. 08 Maintain Calibrate between crops Between crops, climate sensors are checked against a reference, carbon dioxide sensors recalibrated, conductivity and pH probes cleaned and checked with solutions, and the outside station cleaned. Every change is recorded, so crop-to-crop comparisons stay honest. Spares are kept on the bench, so a failed sensor is swapped the same day. **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Compartment climate against the recipe** Growers and crop advisers - **Controller sensor drift alerts** Growers and climate computer technicians - **Fertigation quality records** Growers and auditors - **Energy and water accounts per crop** Site managers and energy partners Integration - **Climate computer** Its values are read over Modbus or OPC UA, read-only, beside the independent sensors. - **Energy management** Meter readings are delivered to the energy system and to partners where agreed. - **Grower software** Observations are served through OGC SensorThings with their positions and calibration. Exchanged through OPC UA, Modbus, OGC SensorThings API. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Will this interfere with our climate computer? No. The link is read-only; the climate computer keeps control. Why measure twice? A drifting sensor steers the whole compartment wrong. An independent sensor catches it before the crop does. Does it work in vertical farms? Yes. The same points measure each tier and room, on the site's own network. Can we see energy per crop? Yes. Meters are read per compartment and the record totals them per crop and per season. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [Good Agricultural Practices for greenhouse vegetable crops (FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 217)](https://www.fao.org/) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations · 2013 2. **2** [Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 3. **3** [Water quality for agriculture (FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29 Rev. 1)](https://www.fao.org/) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations · 1985 4. **4** [EN 13031-1: Greenhouses, design and construction](https://www.cencenelec.eu/) European Committee for Standardization **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Solution Agricultural field observatoriesSoil moisture profiles, micro-weather and evapotranspiration with irrigation thresholds per field.Solutions for agriculture →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/#agri-field-observatories) [Solution Mine, plant and port site monitoringSlope radar, tailings monitoring, dust and water, and site connectivity for operations and closure.Solutions for agriculture →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/#industrial-site-monitoring) **10** Agriculture: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Row crops and grainSoil moisture and temperature by zone, field weather for spraying and disease, evapotranspiration for irrigation and satellite crop vigour, on LoRaWAN across the farm and cellular back to the office.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/row-crops/) [Specialized field Orchards and vineyardsFrost watch at dawn, leaf wetness and disease risk, soil water for deficit irrigation and canopy cameras, on LoRaWAN across the blocks with alerts that wake the grower in time.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/orchards-vineyards/) [Specialized field Livestock and dairyBarn air and ammonia, heat stress, water and feed, animal welfare cameras and pasture water points, on a farm network that keeps the herd's record and the emissions record in one place.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/livestock/) [Specialized field Irrigation districts and canalsCanal levels and flows, offtake deliveries, water quality, district weather and crop demand, on LoRaWAN along the canals and microwave to the district office, for fair and accountable sharing of water.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/irrigation-districts/) [Specialized field Forestry and plantationsFire watch from towers, forest weather and fire danger, sound for illegal logging, growth and carbon plots and satellite change, on LoRaWAN, microwave and satellite across the estate.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/forestry/) [Specialized field AquacultureDissolved oxygen, temperature and salinity at the pens, met-ocean conditions, feeding cameras and harmful algae watch for fish and shellfish farms, on cellular and satellite from the water.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/aquaculture/) [Specialized field Rangeland and pastoralismRain, pasture growth, water points and herd movement across open range, with satellite forage maps and drought early warning, on LoRaWAN and satellite where no network reaches.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/rangeland/) ### Bring us the site. 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