--- title: "Aquaculture monitoring | Nexus Observatory" description: "Fish and shellfish live in the water a farm cannot control. Sondes at the pens and lines, a buoy for wind and waves, cameras at feeding and samples for algae…" url: https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/aquaculture/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-11-02 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Agriculture](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/) / [Specialized fields](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/fields/) / **Aquaculture** # Aquaculture, with the water measured at every pen. Fish and shellfish live in the water a farm cannot control. Sondes at the pens and lines, a buoy for wind and waves, cameras at feeding and samples for algae report to one record, so farm managers act before oxygen falls and buyers and authorities see how the stock was kept. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) How it works [Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) **Industry**: Agriculture **Measurements**: 5 **Sources cited**: 3 1. Agriculture · Aquaculture The water decides A fish or shellfish farm can feed, treat and harvest, but it cannot choose its water. On a warm, still night oxygen falls; a bloom drifts in; a storm tests the moorings. Farms that measure the water at every pen act before the stock suffers, and can show buyers and authorities how it was kept. 2. What is measured Oxygen, temperature, algae and weather Sondes at several depths in each pen read dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity and chlorophyll; water samples confirm harmful algae for the authority. A buoy measures wind, waves and currents at the farm, and cameras in the pens watch feeding and fish behaviour. InstrumentsWater-quality sondes · Met-ocean buoy · Pen cameras · Water samples 3. The base node A node on the pen ring A small node on each pen ring reads its sondes, signs every value and buffers it through any gap in the link. The farm node on the barge watches oxygen in every pen through the night and raises the alarm, and starts aeration, without waiting for the shore. 4. Radio and links Cellular from the barge, satellite in the storm Pens reach the feed barge over a local wireless link. The barge carries the farm's traffic over cellular where the coast has coverage, and keeps a satellite terminal as the second path for remote farms and for storms that take the shore network down. LinksPublic cellular · Satellite · Wi-Fi 5. How it works From a falling oxygen reading to aeration A sonde in a pen reads oxygen falling at night. The pen node signs it and passes it to the barge node, which sees it approach the farm's limit, starts aeration and calls the crew over cellular. The record keeps the readings, the alarm and the response. 6. From order to operation · Order Scope the farm and the water The scope reads the farm layout, species, licences, shellfish area classification and the risks seen in past seasons. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan by pen and depth, the buoy, the radio design, the integration with farm software and a price per pen and per service. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 7. From order to operation · Survey Survey from the water Crews survey from the farm's boats with the site manager: pen positions, depths, currents and where the farm edge sits. They check cellular coverage from the barge, sky view for satellite, and find mounting points on pen rings and lines that divers and nets will not foul. 8. From order to operation · Permits Licences and the authority Moorings and buoys stay within the farm's licence, and anything new on the water is marked as navigation rules require. Shellfish sampling follows the authority's programme, and data sharing with the authority and researchers is agreed in writing. Every consent and agreement is kept with the farm’s record. 9. From order to operation · Build Build for salt water Sondes, cameras, nodes, the buoy and radios are built for salt water, tested together and enrolled with their identities. Antifouling is fitted, oxygen limits and alarm contacts come from the farm's plan, and every part is labelled with its pen and depth. [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 10. From order to operation · Install Install from the boat Crews mount sondes at their depths, cameras inside pens and nodes on pen rings, and moor the met-ocean buoy at the farm. The barge node and links are installed and tested, and every point is located and photographed. Divers check underwater mounts. 11. From order to operation · Commission Test the oxygen alarm Each device proves its identity. Sondes are checked against reference solutions and a hand meter in the pen, the buoy against a shore reference. The oxygen alarm is triggered on purpose so the farm manager's phone rings, and aeration starts where it is controlled. 12. From order to operation · Operate Act before oxygen falls Managers see oxygen, temperature and salinity at every pen and depth, with wind and waves from the buoy. Night alarms start aeration and call the crew, feeding follows the camera and the water, and bloom warnings move stock or stop harvest, all on one record. 13. From order to operation · Maintain Clean, calibrate, swap Sondes foul quickly in salt water, so they are cleaned and calibrated on a short schedule and swapped with spares from the bench. Moorings and the buoy are inspected after storms, and every change is recorded, so oxygen series stay comparable across seasons. [Book field services](https://observatory.global/contact/field-service/) 14. Data products For managers, crews and authorities Farm managers and crews receive oxygen and temperature by pen and depth with alarms; boat crews receive met-ocean conditions; feed managers receive feeding records; authorities and buyers receive water records that show how the stock was kept. Each product carries the calibration behind it. [See the data products](https://observatory.global/data-products/) 15. Evidence Responsible practice on the record Every reading, calibration, alarm and response is signed and kept with its time and place. Practice follows the FAO code for responsible fisheries and aquaculture, shellfish areas follow the food hygiene rules for live bivalves, and records are exchanged through open standards that authorities can read. Drawn againstFAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries · Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 · OGC SensorThings 16. What you get Ocean and coastal observing Moored buoys, profiling floats, tide and wave gauges, coastal radar and AIS reception with quality-controlled feeds. Delivered as managed service and data licence, for ports, coastal agencies, offshore energy, fisheries. Scale: Coastline to basin. Service levels are written as numbers you can measure on your own dashboard. [Talk to sales](https://observatory.global/contact/sales-enquiry/) 17. Next step Plan aquaculture with us Tell us the site, the measurements and the rules it answers to. We reply with a survey proposal, a design and a scope for aquaculture. An engineer replies with a survey proposal and a scope, and the plan grows from one site to the network you need, at your pace. [Plan a deployment](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) [Open the Station Builder](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) [Open the Studio](https://observatory.global/studio/) **01** The place and its hazards ## Where it runs, and what can go wrong. Operating contextFish farms in pens and ponds and shellfish farms on lines and trestles depend on oxygen, temperature, salinity and food in the water. Low oxygen, harmful algal blooms and storms can kill stock in hours. Shellfish areas are classified by authorities for food safety, and responsible aquaculture practice expects farms to watch their effect on the water around them. Hazards - Low dissolved oxygen at night and in warm water - Harmful algal blooms and jellyfish - Storms damaging pens and moorings - Disease spreading between pens - Feed waste affecting the seabed and water **02** What must be measured ## What, where, how often, and under which rules. Each measurement names where it is taken, how often, and the public standard or regulation behind it. Numbers in the sources column open the cited source below. | Measurement | Where | Cadence | Sources | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Dissolved oxygen | Inside pens at several depths and at the farm edge | Continuous | 1 | | Temperature and salinity | Pens and lines at several depths | Continuous | 1 | | Wind, waves and currents | A buoy or shore station at the farm | Continuous | 2 | | Chlorophyll and harmful algae | Sondes at the farm, confirmed by water samples | Continuous sondes; samples on the authority's schedule | 3 | | Feeding and fish behaviour | Cameras in the pens | During every feeding | 1 | **03** The observation stack ## From one base unit to a network. The same blocks at every scale: instruments and a base node, a site with its radio, a fleet run as one, and a network federated on the open protocol. 1. **01** Base unit A pen point: a water-quality sonde and a camera read by a small node on the pen ring that signs every value. [Build a station →](https://observatory.global/studio/builder/) 2. **02** Site A farm: every pen or line, a met-ocean buoy and a cellular link from the feed barge or shore, with satellite as the second path. [Plan a site →](https://observatory.global/contact/deployment/) 3. **03** Fleet Every farm of a producer run as one fleet, with one oxygen alarm process and one record. [Managed offers →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/) 4. **04** Network Producers, authorities and researchers exchange water records and bloom warnings through open standards. [The open protocol →](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - **01** Water quality sonde - **02** Moored buoy - **03** Compact weather station - **04** Fixed camera - **05** Micro node (Nano) - **06** Cellular modem/router - **07** 3GPP NTN terminal - **08** Solar array Radio and links ### Public cellular Most farms near the coast are in coverage; the feed barge or shore base carries the farm's traffic. Radio and links ### Satellite Offshore and remote farms, and every farm in a storm, keep a second path through a satellite terminal. Radio and links ### Wi-Fi Between the pens and the feed barge, a local wireless link carries cameras and sondes. Edge computeThe farm node watches oxygen in every pen through the night and raises the alarm at once when it falls toward the limit the farm set, starting aeration where it is installed; feeding cameras are analysed on the barge. PowerPen points run on solar and batteries on the pen ring or buoy; the barge node runs on the barge's own power with a battery for outages. **04** How it works ## From the instrument to the product. One observation's path, tier by tier, with the interface on every link and a bill of materials below; then how the one node grows to a site, a fleet and federated networks. Aquaculture: data path – of 06 01 Instruments Measurement with sensor identity andcalibration 02 Node – Wrap in an observation envelope with timequality– Measure quality and uncertainty, attachquality flags– Buffer locally (store-and-forward when thelink drops) 03 Backhaul Commit with transactional outbox andpublish, delivered at least once 04 Site Consumer inbox deduplicates and applieseach record once into governed data 05 Data store Governed product through API, map orexport, correction-aware 06 Products OGC SensorThings APICommon Alerting ProtocolISO 19156 07 Power and structure Supplies 12 V DC to the field equipment 01 Water quality sonde SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 02 Moored buoy RS-485 · SDI-12 03 Compact weather station SDI-12 · RS-485 · Ethernet 04 Fixed camera Ethernet 05 Micro node (Nano) Ethernet · USB · Analogue I/O ·RS-485 · CAN 06 Cellular modem/router Ethernet · USB · RS-232 07 3GPP NTN terminal Ethernet · USB · RS-232 Site MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B Governed data store Versioned, correction-aware Oxygen and temperature bypen and depth Low-oxygen and bloomalarms Met-ocean conditions at thefarm Feeding records Water records for theauthority 08 Solar array RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet LTE/NR 3GPP NTN From the instrument to the published product: each band is a tier, each connector names its interface, and the numbers match the bill of materials. Hover or focus a block to trace its path; scroll or step to follow one observation. | Item | Equipment | Data ports | Protocols | Power in | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | 01 | **Water quality sonde** Multi-parameter sonde for temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and turbidity. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 02 | **Moored buoy** Moored buoy platform carrying met-ocean sensors, with solar power and satellite or cellular telemetry. | RS-485SDI-12 | MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 03 | **Compact weather station** All-in-one or compact station for temperature, humidity, pressure, wind and rain at a site. | SDI-12RS-485Ethernet | SDI-12, Modbus, MQTT 5, OGC SensorThings API | 12 V DC | | 04 | **Fixed camera** Fixed visible-light camera for site security, scene monitoring and machine vision. | Ethernet | RTSP with ONVIF profiles, MQTT 5 | PoE | | 05 | **Micro node (Nano)** Single-board or module-class node for sensor sites, gateways and low-power deployments. | EthernetUSBAnalogue I/ORS-485CAN | MQTT 5, OMA LwM2M, CoAP | PoE, 12 V DC, USB PD | | 06 | **Cellular modem/router** LTE or NR modem or router that uses a public carrier or private network as backhaul. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP E-UTRA air interface, 3GPP NR air interface, OMA LwM2M | 12 V DC, PoE | | 07 | **3GPP NTN terminal** Terminal using the 3GPP non-terrestrial network air interface (NR-NTN or IoT-NTN) to reach a satellite access node directly. | EthernetUSBRS-232 | 3GPP NR or IoT NTN, OMA LwM2M, MQTT 5 | 12 V DC, Internal battery | | 08 | **Solar array** PV modules with charge controller sized to the site's load and climate. | RS-485 | Modbus | — | How it scales 01 Instruments Arbitrary qualified sensors and instruments whosemeasurements are ingested with calibration, units,geometry, time, custody and uncertainty. ×n 02 Node The minimum useful deployable unit: server, ruggedappliance, radio node, sensor gateway, satelliteterminal, AI, scientific, vehicle or virtual node. Node Node agent 03 Site The minimum independently operable localgovernance and failure domain: one or more nodesplus local network, identity, policy, evidence,storage, products and operator surfaces. SITE Node Node Node ×n 04 Cluster An optional scale or specialisation domain forscheduling, shared storage, accelerators or datalocality. CLUSTER ×n 05 Fleet Coordinates plans, acknowledgements,convergence evidence, update campaigns andcorrection propagation across nodes and sites. FLEET Fleet controller ×n 06 Federation An exchange of products, capabilities, events orwork across approved, independently administeredtrust domains, using explicit trust, policy,data-locality, version and correction contracts. TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN TRUST DOMAIN ×n Verifier Applications Data in the field Telemetry Control Data upstream Control Data upstream Control Exchange Evidence Events Exchange The smallest deployable unit is one node; the same unit is replicated to meet the demand. Nodes form a site, sites may form a cluster, sites and clusters are coordinated as a fleet, and fleets exchange across independently administered trust domains. Each plane is a separate channel with its own open binding. **Data in the field**: MQTT 5 with Sparkplug B; connectors for LoRaWAN, OPC UA and instrument buses. **Telemetry**: OpenTelemetry OTLP. **Control**: TLS 1.3 with mutual authentication; protobuf messages over gRPC or HTTP/2. **Data upstream**: At-least-once publication with repeat-safe keys over the control channel or NATS JetStream; QUIC MAY be used on lossy links. **Evidence**: DSSE-signed in-toto statements; SLSA provenance; SCITT transparency receipts. **Events**: Event envelopes mapped to CloudEvents 1.0; channels described in AsyncAPI 3. **Exchange**: OpenAPI 3.1; the OGC API family; SensorThings; STAC; WIS 2.0. **05** From order to operation ## Every step, from the first call to a running site. The same crew and the same record carry the work from scope to maintenance. 1. 01 Order Scope the farm and the water The scope reads the farm layout, species, licences, shellfish area classification and the risks seen in past seasons. Nexus Observatory Inc. returns the point plan by pen and depth, the buoy, the radio design, the integration with farm software and a price per pen and per service. 13 2. 02 Survey Survey from the water Crews survey from the farm's boats with the site manager: pen positions, depths, currents and where the farm edge sits. They check cellular coverage from the barge, sky view for satellite, and find mounting points on pen rings and lines that divers and nets will not foul. 3. 03 Permits Licences and the authority Moorings and buoys stay within the farm's licence, and anything new on the water is marked as navigation rules require. Shellfish sampling follows the authority's programme, and data sharing with the authority and researchers is agreed in writing. Every consent and agreement is kept with the farm’s record. 4. 04 Build Build for salt water Sondes, cameras, nodes, the buoy and radios are built for salt water, tested together and enrolled with their identities. Antifouling is fitted, oxygen limits and alarm contacts come from the farm's plan, and every part is labelled with its pen and depth. 5. 05 Install Install from the boat Crews mount sondes at their depths, cameras inside pens and nodes on pen rings, and moor the met-ocean buoy at the farm. The barge node and links are installed and tested, and every point is located and photographed. Divers check underwater mounts. 6. 06 Commission Test the oxygen alarm Each device proves its identity. Sondes are checked against reference solutions and a hand meter in the pen, the buoy against a shore reference. The oxygen alarm is triggered on purpose so the farm manager's phone rings, and aeration starts where it is controlled. 7. 07 Operate Act before oxygen falls Managers see oxygen, temperature and salinity at every pen and depth, with wind and waves from the buoy. Night alarms start aeration and call the crew, feeding follows the camera and the water, and bloom warnings move stock or stop harvest, all on one record. 13 8. 08 Maintain Clean, calibrate, swap Sondes foul quickly in salt water, so they are cleaned and calibrated on a short schedule and swapped with spares from the bench. Moorings and the buoy are inspected after storms, and every change is recorded, so oxygen series stay comparable across seasons. **06** Data products and integration ## What it delivers, to whom, and into which systems. Data products - **Oxygen and temperature by pen and depth** Farm managers and crews - **Low-oxygen and bloom alarms** Farm managers and aeration systems - **Met-ocean conditions at the farm** Boat crews and managers - **Feeding records** Feed managers - **Water records for the authority** Authorities and buyers Integration - **Farm management software** Water and feeding data join the stock record through its own interfaces. - **Aeration and feeding systems** Alarms can start aeration and pause feeding through the controllers' own interfaces. - **Authorities and researchers** Water records are shared through OGC SensorThings where the farm agrees. Exchanged through OGC SensorThings API, Common Alerting Protocol, ISO 19156. **07** Questions buyers ask ## Before you scope it. Will the alarm reach us at night? It is raised by the farm node and sent to the crew's phones over cellular, or satellite if cellular fails. How often must sondes be cleaned? Often in warm, productive water; the schedule follows the fouling seen at the farm. Can the system start our aerators? Yes, where they accept a remote start; the rules are the farm's. Does it replace official shellfish sampling? No. It warns early; the authority's sampling decides classification and closures. **08** Resources ## The sources behind this page. Public standards, regulations and guidance, cited where they apply. Each applies only where its jurisdiction or scope does. 1. **1** [Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries](https://www.fao.org/) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations · 1995 2. **2** [Guide to Instruments and Methods of Observation (WMO-No. 8)](https://library.wmo.int/) World Meteorological Organization 3. **3** [Regulation (EC) No 853/2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin (live bivalve molluscs)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/) European Union · 2004 **09** Related ## Use cases and solutions. [Use case Wave buoy coastal arrayLow-cost moored wave buoys with satellite telemetry, deployed as an array along a coast or port approach.The full use case →](https://observatory.global/use-cases/wave-buoy-array/) [Solution Ocean and coastal observingMoored buoys, profiling floats, tide and wave gauges, coastal radar and AIS reception with quality-controlled feeds.Solutions for agriculture →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/#ocean-coastal) [Solution Agricultural field observatoriesSoil moisture profiles, micro-weather and evapotranspiration with irrigation thresholds per field.Solutions for agriculture →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/#agri-field-observatories) [Solution Satellite and non-terrestrial backhaulLEO and GEO backhaul, 3GPP non-terrestrial integration and direct-to-device fallbacks for remote sites.Solutions for agriculture →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/solutions/#ntn-backhaul) **10** Agriculture: specialized fields ## Other fields of this industry. [Specialized field Row crops and grainSoil moisture and temperature by zone, field weather for spraying and disease, evapotranspiration for irrigation and satellite crop vigour, on LoRaWAN across the farm and cellular back to the office.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/row-crops/) [Specialized field Orchards and vineyardsFrost watch at dawn, leaf wetness and disease risk, soil water for deficit irrigation and canopy cameras, on LoRaWAN across the blocks with alerts that wake the grower in time.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/orchards-vineyards/) [Specialized field Livestock and dairyBarn air and ammonia, heat stress, water and feed, animal welfare cameras and pasture water points, on a farm network that keeps the herd's record and the emissions record in one place.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/livestock/) [Specialized field Greenhouses and controlled environmentClimate, carbon dioxide, substrate water and nutrient dosing, energy and outside weather for greenhouses and vertical farms, on the site network beside the climate computer, never in its way.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/greenhouses/) [Specialized field Irrigation districts and canalsCanal levels and flows, offtake deliveries, water quality, district weather and crop demand, on LoRaWAN along the canals and microwave to the district office, for fair and accountable sharing of water.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/irrigation-districts/) [Specialized field Forestry and plantationsFire watch from towers, forest weather and fire danger, sound for illegal logging, growth and carbon plots and satellite change, on LoRaWAN, microwave and satellite across the estate.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/forestry/) [Specialized field Rangeland and pastoralismRain, pasture growth, water points and herd movement across open range, with satellite forage maps and drought early warning, on LoRaWAN and satellite where no network reaches.The full field →](https://observatory.global/industries/agriculture/rangeland/) ### Bring us the site. 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