{"id":21,"date":"2026-11-02T11:40:38","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:40:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/hardware\/explainer\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T11:43:29","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:43:29","slug":"explainer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/hardware\/explainer\/","title":{"rendered":"Hardware &#038; power: explainer"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/kit-fonts.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/kit.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/i18n.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/chrome.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/x-core.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/system\/3d\/3d.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/view-x-hardware.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<div class=\"nxo-view\" data-nxo-view=\"x-hardware\" data-nxo-bundle=\"99e42e7aa6ec\"><div class=\"nxo-ssr\" data-nxo-snap> <main><section><p><b>12:00<\/b> <em>\u00b7 2.32 kW from the array<\/em><\/p><p><b>Battery 100 %<\/b><\/p><p><b>Load<\/b> <em>\u00b7 400 W<\/em><\/p><p><b>24 hours<\/b> <em>\u00b7 array output, load, battery charge<\/em><\/p><p><b>57.7 \u00b0C inside<\/b> <em>\u00b7 35 \u00b0C outside<\/em><\/p><p><b>Heat exchanger<\/b> <em>\u00b7 136 W<\/em><\/p><p><b>Drop 0.60 m<\/b> <em>\u00b7 stops within 54 mm<\/em><\/p><p><b>Isolators<\/b> <em>\u00b7 f<sub>n<\/sub> 10.1 Hz<\/em><\/p><p><b>Vehicle floor<\/b> <em>\u00b7 input vibration<\/em><\/p><p><b>Sensor<\/b> <em>\u00b7 6.6 W at the device<\/em><\/p><p><b>Camera<\/b> <em>\u00b7 26.4 W at the device<\/em><\/p><p><b>Access point<\/b> <em>\u00b7 52.8 W at the device<\/em><\/p><p><b>PTZ camera<\/b> <em>\u00b7 75.0 W at the device<\/em><\/p><p><b>PoE switch<\/b> <em>\u00b7 24 ports<\/em><\/p><p><b>227 N<\/b> <em>\u00b7 at 15 m<\/em><\/p><p><b>3.40 kN\u00b7m<\/b> <em>\u00b7 added at the base<\/em><\/p><p><b>Wind profile<\/b> <em>\u00b7 29.5 m\/s at 3 m, 40.3 m\/s at 27 m<\/em><\/p><p><b>Alternator<\/b> <em>\u00b7 60 A at 14 V<\/em><\/p><p><b>Load<\/b> <em>\u00b7 120 W<\/em><\/p><p><b>Battery 26 %<\/b> <em>\u00b7 12:00, parked<\/em><\/p><p><b>LFP battery and inverter<\/b><\/p> <nav aria-label=\"Chapters\"><span>01<\/span><span>02<\/span><span>03<\/span><span>04<\/span><span>05<\/span><span>06<\/span><\/nav> <p>Intro.<\/p> <article><p>Hardware &amp; power \u00b7 Explainer<\/p> <div role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"1\" class=\"nxo-ssr-h1\">Equipment that runs where the grid and the weather do not help.<\/div> <p>Six engineering checks behind every field installation, each worked live: the solar and battery balance through a day and a night, the heat an enclosure can shed, the isolation that protects a transit rack, the Power over Ethernet budget, the wind on a mounted antenna and the power a crew truck carries. Every number below is computed live from your inputs.<\/p> <nav aria-label=\"Chapters\"><span><b>01<\/b>Microgrid energy balance<\/span><span><b>02<\/b>Enclosure thermal<\/span><span><b>03<\/b>Rugged rack isolation<\/span><span><b>04<\/b>PoE budget<\/span><span><b>05<\/b>Mounting and wind load<\/span><span><b>06<\/b>Mobile power<\/span><\/nav> <\/article> <article><p><b>01<\/b> \u00b7 Microgrid energy balance<\/p> <h2>The battery is sized for the night, the array for the shortest day.<\/h2> <p>Daily irradiation outside the atmosphere follows from latitude and date: H\u2080 = (24 \u00b7 3600 \u00b7 G<sub>sc<\/sub> \/ \u03c0)(1 + 0.033 cos(360n\/365))(cos \u03c6 cos \u03b4 sin \u03c9<sub>s<\/sub> + \u03c9<sub>s<\/sub> sin \u03c6 sin \u03b4), with sunset hour angle \u03c9<sub>s<\/sub> = arccos(\u2212tan \u03c6 tan \u03b4). The clearness index takes it to the ground, and the array delivers its rated kilowatts times that irradiation times a performance ratio of 0.8, shaped hour by hour by the Sun&#8217;s height. The battery carries the load through the dark on 90 % of its capacity.<\/p> <p>Date<\/p> <p>Sky<\/p> <dl><dt>Day length<\/dt><dd>16 h 19 min<\/dd> <dt>Irradiation on the ground<\/dt><dd>5.80 kWh\/m\u00b2<\/dd> <dt>PV energy \u00b7 load energy a day<\/dt><dd>23.2 \u00b7 9.6 kWh<\/dd> <dt>Daily balance<\/dt><dd>+13.6 kWh<\/dd> <dt>Hours of autonomy on the battery<\/dt><dd>33.8 h<\/dd> <dt>Lowest charge over the cycle<\/dt><dd>74 %<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>02<\/b> \u00b7 Enclosure thermal<\/p> <h2>A sealed box sheds heat only through its skin.<\/h2> <p>A free-standing painted steel enclosure loses heat through every face but its base, A = WD + 2H(W + D), at about 5.5 W\/m\u00b2K, so the inside runs \u0394T = P \/ (5.5 A) above ambient. A sealed IP66 \/ NEMA 4X box that runs too hot needs a closed-loop exchanger or air conditioner for the difference, P \u2212 5.5 A (T<sub>max<\/sub> \u2212 T<sub>amb<\/sub>). A filtered-fan IP54 box moves V = 3.1 (P \u2212 5.5 A \u0394T) \/ \u0394T m\u00b3\/h of outside air, and no fan can cool below ambient. Equipment here is held at 50 \u00b0C or less.<\/p> <p>Enclosure, W \u00d7 H \u00d7 D<\/p> <p>Protection<\/p> <dl><dt>Effective surface<\/dt><dd>3.20 m\u00b2<\/dd> <dt>Rise from the skin alone<\/dt><dd>22.7 K<\/dd> <dt>Inside, sealed and uncooled<\/dt><dd>57.7 \u00b0C<\/dd> <dt>Closed-loop cooling needed<\/dt><dd>136 W<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>03<\/b> \u00b7 Rugged rack isolation<\/p> <h2>Isolators trade rattle for sway space.<\/h2> <p>The inner rack frame rides on eight elastomer isolators, a mass on a spring with natural frequency f<sub>n<\/sub> = (1\/2\u03c0)\u221a(k\/m). Above \u221a2 times f<sub>n<\/sub> the isolators cut vibration: transmissibility is \u221a((1 + (2\u03b6r)\u00b2) \/ ((1 \u2212 r\u00b2)\u00b2 + (2\u03b6r)\u00b2)) with r = f \/ f<sub>n<\/sub> and damping \u03b6 = 0.1. In a drop the frame meets the case at v = \u221a(2gh); the isolators stop it within v \/ \u03c9<sub>n<\/sub> at a peak of v \u03c9<sub>n<\/sub> \/ g. Softer isolators protect better and need more room to move.<\/p> <dl><dt>Natural frequency<\/dt><dd>10.1 Hz \u00b7 ratio 2.98<\/dd> <dt>Transmissibility<\/dt><dd>0.15 \u00b7 \u221216.6 dB<\/dd> <dt>Impact speed<\/dt><dd>3.43 m\/s<\/dd> <dt>Sway space needed<\/dt><dd>54 mm<\/dd> <dt>Peak on the equipment<\/dt><dd>22.1 g<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>04<\/b> \u00b7 Power over Ethernet budget<\/p> <h2>The switch allocates by class, the cable takes its share.<\/h2> <p>A PoE switch reserves each port&#8217;s class power from its supply: 7 W for a class 2 sensor, 30 W for a class 4 camera, 60 W for a class 6 access point and 90 W for a class 8 pan-tilt camera with a heater. The cable burns I\u00b2R on the way: at 44 V and 20 \u03a9 for 802.3af, 50 V and 12.5 \u03a9 for 802.3at, and two pair-sets in parallel at 50 or 52 V for 802.3bt, scaled by length from 100 m. Ports are powered in order until the supply is spent; the rest stay dark.<\/p> <p>Switch PoE supply<\/p> <dl><dt>Ports used of 24<\/dt><dd>15<\/dd> <dt>Allocated \u00b7 left<\/dt><dd>328 W \u00b7 42 W<\/dd> <dt>Lost in the cables<\/dt><dd>37.6 W<\/dd> <dt>At a class 8 camera<\/dt><dd>75.0 W of 90 W<\/dd> <dt>Devices left unpowered<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>05<\/b> \u00b7 Mounting and wind load<\/p> <h2>Wind load grows with the square of speed, and speed grows with height.<\/h2> <p>Wind speed rises with height by the power law v(h) = v\u2081\u2080 (h \/ 10)<sup>1\/7<\/sup> over open ground. The dynamic pressure is q = \u00bd\u03c1v\u00b2 with \u03c1 = 1.225 kg\/m\u00b3, and the drag on the equipment is F = q C<sub>d<\/sub> A, with C<sub>d<\/sub> about 1.2 for a flat panel facing the wind and 1.4 for a solid dish without a radome or a sector antenna face-on. The force acts at the mount, so the bending moment it adds at the tower base is F \u00b7 h.<\/p> <p>Equipment<\/p> <dl><dt>Projected area \u00b7 C<sub>d<\/sub><\/dt><dd>0.224 m\u00b2 \u00b7 1.2<\/dd> <dt>Wind at the mount<\/dt><dd>37.1 m\/s<\/dd> <dt>Dynamic pressure<\/dt><dd>842 Pa<\/dd> <dt>Drag on the equipment<\/dt><dd>227 N<\/dd> <dt>Moment at the tower base<\/dt><dd>3.40 kN\u00b7m<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>06<\/b> \u00b7 Mobile power<\/p> <h2>A truck is a generator that has to keep driving.<\/h2> <p>A DC-DC charger draws the alternator&#8217;s spare current at 14 V into a lithium iron phosphate battery at 95 % efficiency; an inverter at 90 % efficiency runs the load around the clock. Charging power is 14 I \u00d7 0.95, the battery runs the load for 0.9 E \u03b7 \/ P hours, and the day balances when the hours of driving put back what the load takes. The scene plays one day in 24 seconds, driving first.<\/p> <dl><dt>Charging power<\/dt><dd>798 W<\/dd> <dt>Empty to full<\/dt><dd>3 h 23 min<\/dd> <dt>Load run time on the battery<\/dt><dd>20 h 15 min<\/dd> <dt>Energy in \u00b7 out a day<\/dt><dd>2.39 \u00b7 3.20 kWh<\/dd> <dt>Extra engine hours to balance<\/dt><dd>1 h 01 min<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <\/section> <\/main> <footer><p><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><b>Hardware &amp; power<\/b>. Built for the site, not the lab.<a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><\/p><p>Hardware &amp; power<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/form-factors\/\">Form factors<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/power\/\">Power<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/ruggedisation\/\">Ruggedisation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/mobile-and-deployable\/\">Mobile and deployable<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/reference-designs\/\">Reference designs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/oem\/\">OEM<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Technologies<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/power\/generation\/\">Generation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/power\/storage\/\">Storage<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Industries<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/resilience\/\">Civil resilience<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/communities\/\">Communities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/humanitarian\/\">Humanitarian<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecom<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/infrastructure\/\">Infrastructure<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Service platforms<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/grid-services\/\">Protocol &amp; Grid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/software\/\">Software<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation &amp; GeoAI<\/a><\/li><\/ul> <p>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Legal\"><a href=\"\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a><a href=\"\/privacy-choices\/\">Cookie settings<\/a><a href=\"\/credits\/\">Data credits<\/a><\/nav> <\/footer>\n<\/div><!--\/nxo-ssr--><main>\n<section class=\"story\" id=\"story\" aria-label=\"Hardware and power explainer\">\n  <div class=\"stage\" id=\"stage\">\n    <canvas id=\"c\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"3D scene for the current chapter. Drag or use the arrow keys to turn it.\"><\/canvas>\n    <div class=\"hud\" id=\"hud\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"loading\" id=\"loading\">Loading the scene\u2026<\/div>\n    <nav class=\"rail\" id=\"rail\" aria-label=\"Chapters\"><\/nav>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chapters\" id=\"chapters\">\n    <article class=\"ch intro\" id=\"top\">\n      <div class=\"in\">\n        <div class=\"hrow\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Hardware &amp; power \u00b7 Explainer<\/span><\/div>\n        <h1>Equipment that runs where the grid and the weather do not help.<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"lede\">The engineering checks behind every field installation, each worked live: the solar and battery balance through a day and a night, the heat an enclosure can shed, the isolation that protects a transit rack, the Power over Ethernet budget, the wind on a mounted antenna and the power a crew truck carries. Every number below is computed live from your inputs.<\/p>\n        <nav class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" aria-label=\"Chapters\"><\/nav>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"power\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>01<\/b> \u00b7 Microgrid energy balance<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>The battery is sized for the night, the array for the shortest day.<\/h2>\n      <p>Daily irradiation outside the atmosphere follows from latitude and date: H\u2080 = (24 \u00b7 3600 \u00b7 G<sub>sc<\/sub> \/ \u03c0)(1 + 0.033 cos(360n\/365))(cos \u03c6 cos \u03b4 sin \u03c9<sub>s<\/sub> + \u03c9<sub>s<\/sub> sin \u03c6 sin \u03b4), with sunset hour angle \u03c9<sub>s<\/sub> = arccos(\u2212tan \u03c6 tan \u03b4). The clearness index takes it to the ground, and the array delivers its rated kilowatts times that irradiation times a performance ratio of 0.8, shaped hour by hour by the Sun&#8217;s height. The battery carries the load through the dark on 90 % of its capacity.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"lat\">Latitude<\/label><output id=\"latO\" for=\"lat\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"lat\" min=\"-60\" max=\"70\" step=\"1\" value=\"51\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"monL\">Date<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"monL\" id=\"mon\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"80\" aria-pressed=\"false\">21 March<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"172\" aria-pressed=\"true\">21 June<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"266\" aria-pressed=\"false\">23 September<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"355\" aria-pressed=\"false\">21 December<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"ktL\">Sky<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"ktL\" id=\"kt\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.65\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Clear \u00b7 K<sub>T<\/sub> 0.65<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.5\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Mixed \u00b7 0.50<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.3\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Overcast \u00b7 0.30<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"kwp\">PV array<\/label><output id=\"kwpO\" for=\"kwp\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"kwp\" min=\"0.5\" max=\"20\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"5\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"bkwh\">Battery<\/label><output id=\"bkwhO\" for=\"bkwh\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"bkwh\" min=\"2\" max=\"60\" step=\"1\" value=\"15\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"load\">Continuous load<\/label><output id=\"loadO\" for=\"load\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"load\" min=\"50\" max=\"2000\" step=\"10\" value=\"400\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Day length<\/dt><dd id=\"pDay\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Irradiation on the ground<\/dt><dd id=\"pH\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>PV energy \u00b7 load energy a day<\/dt><dd id=\"pE\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Daily balance<\/dt><dd id=\"pBal\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Hours of autonomy on the battery<\/dt><dd id=\"pAut\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Lowest charge over the cycle<\/dt><dd id=\"pMin\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"thermal\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>02<\/b> \u00b7 Enclosure thermal<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>A sealed box sheds heat only through its skin.<\/h2>\n      <p>A free-standing painted steel enclosure loses heat through every face but its base, A = WD + 2H(W + D), at about 5.5 W\/m\u00b2K, so the inside runs \u0394T = P \/ (5.5 A) above ambient. A sealed IP66 \/ NEMA 4X box that runs too hot needs a closed-loop exchanger or air conditioner for the difference, P \u2212 5.5 A (T<sub>max<\/sub> \u2212 T<sub>amb<\/sub>). A filtered-fan IP54 box moves V = 3.1 (P \u2212 5.5 A \u0394T) \/ \u0394T m\u00b3\/h of outside air, and no fan can cool below ambient. Equipment here is held at 50 \u00b0C or less.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"encL\">Enclosure, W \u00d7 H \u00d7 D<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"encL\" id=\"enc\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"false\">600 \u00d7 600 \u00d7 300<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"true\">800 \u00d7 1200 \u00d7 400<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">1000 \u00d7 1800 \u00d7 500<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"ipL\">Protection<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"ipL\" id=\"ip\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"seal\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Sealed \u00b7 IP66 \/ NEMA 4X<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"fan\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Filtered fans \u00b7 IP54<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"pw\">Heat from the equipment<\/label><output id=\"pwO\" for=\"pw\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"pw\" min=\"20\" max=\"1500\" step=\"10\" value=\"400\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"ta\">Ambient<\/label><output id=\"taO\" for=\"ta\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"ta\" min=\"-30\" max=\"50\" step=\"1\" value=\"35\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Effective surface<\/dt><dd id=\"tA\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Rise from the skin alone<\/dt><dd id=\"tDt\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Inside, sealed and uncooled<\/dt><dd id=\"tIn\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt id=\"tNeedL\">Cooling needed<\/dt><dd id=\"tNeed\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"rack\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>03<\/b> \u00b7 Rugged rack isolation<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Isolators trade rattle for sway space.<\/h2>\n      <p>The inner rack frame rides on eight elastomer isolators, a mass on a spring with natural frequency f<sub>n<\/sub> = (1\/2\u03c0)\u221a(k\/m). Above \u221a2 times f<sub>n<\/sub> the isolators cut vibration: transmissibility is \u221a((1 + (2\u03b6r)\u00b2) \/ ((1 \u2212 r\u00b2)\u00b2 + (2\u03b6r)\u00b2)) with r = f \/ f<sub>n<\/sub> and damping \u03b6 = 0.1. In a drop the frame meets the case at v = \u221a(2gh); the isolators stop it within v \/ \u03c9<sub>n<\/sub> at a peak of v \u03c9<sub>n<\/sub> \/ g. Softer isolators protect better and need more room to move.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"mass\">Payload on the frame<\/label><output id=\"massO\" for=\"mass\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"mass\" min=\"10\" max=\"90\" step=\"1\" value=\"40\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"kiso\">Stiffness of each isolator<\/label><output id=\"kisoO\" for=\"kiso\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"kiso\" min=\"5\" max=\"120\" step=\"1\" value=\"20\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"fv\">Vibration frequency<\/label><output id=\"fvO\" for=\"fv\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"fv\" min=\"3\" max=\"200\" step=\"1\" value=\"30\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"drop\">Drop height<\/label><output id=\"dropO\" for=\"drop\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"drop\" min=\"0.1\" max=\"1.2\" step=\"0.05\" value=\"0.6\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Natural frequency<\/dt><dd id=\"rFn\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Transmissibility<\/dt><dd id=\"rT\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Impact speed<\/dt><dd id=\"rV\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Sway space needed<\/dt><dd id=\"rX\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Peak on the equipment<\/dt><dd id=\"rG\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"poe\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>04<\/b> \u00b7 Power over Ethernet budget<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>The switch allocates by class, the cable takes its share.<\/h2>\n      <p>A PoE switch reserves each port&#8217;s class power from its supply: 7 W for a class 2 sensor, 30 W for a class 4 camera, 60 W for a class 6 access point and 90 W for a class 8 pan-tilt camera with a heater. The cable burns I\u00b2R on the way: at 44 V and 20 \u03a9 for 802.3af, 50 V and 12.5 \u03a9 for 802.3at, and two pair-sets in parallel at 50 or 52 V for 802.3bt, scaled by length from 100 m. Ports are powered in order until the supply is spent; the rest stay dark.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"pseL\">Switch PoE supply<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"pseL\" id=\"pse\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"120\" aria-pressed=\"false\">120 W<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"240\" aria-pressed=\"false\">240 W<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"370\" aria-pressed=\"true\">370 W<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"740\" aria-pressed=\"false\">740 W<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"nS\">Sensors, class 2<\/label><output id=\"nSO\" for=\"nS\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"nS\" min=\"0\" max=\"12\" step=\"1\" value=\"4\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"nC\">Fixed cameras, class 4<\/label><output id=\"nCO\" for=\"nC\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"nC\" min=\"0\" max=\"16\" step=\"1\" value=\"8\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"nA\">Access points, class 6<\/label><output id=\"nAO\" for=\"nA\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"nA\" min=\"0\" max=\"8\" step=\"1\" value=\"2\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"nP\">PTZ cameras with heaters, class 8<\/label><output id=\"nPO\" for=\"nP\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"nP\" min=\"0\" max=\"4\" step=\"1\" value=\"1\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"cl\">Cable length<\/label><output id=\"clO\" for=\"cl\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"cl\" min=\"10\" max=\"100\" step=\"5\" value=\"80\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Ports used of 24<\/dt><dd id=\"eP\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Allocated \u00b7 left<\/dt><dd id=\"eA\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Lost in the cables<\/dt><dd id=\"eL\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>At a class 8 camera<\/dt><dd id=\"e8\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Devices left unpowered<\/dt><dd id=\"eU\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"wind\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>05<\/b> \u00b7 Mounting and wind load<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Wind load grows with the square of speed, and speed grows with height.<\/h2>\n      <p>Wind speed rises with height by the power law v(h) = v\u2081\u2080 (h \/ 10)<sup>1\/7<\/sup> over open ground. The dynamic pressure is q = \u00bd\u03c1v\u00b2 with \u03c1 = 1.225 kg\/m\u00b3, and the drag on the equipment is F = q C<sub>d<\/sub> A, with C<sub>d<\/sub> about 1.2 for a flat panel facing the wind and 1.4 for a solid dish without a radome or a sector antenna face-on. The force acts at the mount, so the bending moment it adds at the tower base is F \u00b7 h.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"eqL\">Equipment<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"eqL\" id=\"eq\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Flat-panel terminal<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">0.6 m dish<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Sector antenna<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"mh\">Mount height<\/label><output id=\"mhO\" for=\"mh\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"mh\" min=\"3\" max=\"23\" step=\"1\" value=\"15\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"v10\">Wind speed at 10 m<\/label><output id=\"v10O\" for=\"v10\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"v10\" min=\"10\" max=\"50\" step=\"1\" value=\"35\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Projected area \u00b7 C<sub>d<\/sub><\/dt><dd id=\"wA\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Wind at the mount<\/dt><dd id=\"wV\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Dynamic pressure<\/dt><dd id=\"wQ\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Drag on the equipment<\/dt><dd id=\"wF\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Moment at the tower base<\/dt><dd id=\"wM\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"vehicle\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>06<\/b> \u00b7 Mobile power<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>A truck is a generator that has to keep driving.<\/h2>\n      <p>A DC-DC charger draws the alternator&#8217;s spare current at 14 V into a lithium iron phosphate battery at 95 % efficiency; an inverter at 90 % efficiency runs the load around the clock. Charging power is 14 I \u00d7 0.95, the battery runs the load for 0.9 E \u03b7 \/ P hours, and the day balances when the hours of driving put back what the load takes. The scene plays one day in 24 seconds, driving first.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"alt\">Spare alternator current<\/label><output id=\"altO\" for=\"alt\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"alt\" min=\"20\" max=\"150\" step=\"5\" value=\"60\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"vb\">Auxiliary battery<\/label><output id=\"vbO\" for=\"vb\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"vb\" min=\"1\" max=\"10\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"3\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"vl\">Load<\/label><output id=\"vlO\" for=\"vl\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"vl\" min=\"20\" max=\"1000\" step=\"10\" value=\"120\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"dh\">Driving a day<\/label><output id=\"dhO\" for=\"dh\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"dh\" min=\"0\" max=\"10\" step=\"0.5\" value=\"3\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Charging power<\/dt><dd id=\"vP\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Empty to full<\/dt><dd id=\"vF\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Load run time on the battery<\/dt><dd id=\"vR\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Energy in \u00b7 out a day<\/dt><dd id=\"vIO\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Extra engine hours to balance<\/dt><dd id=\"vX\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"scale\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>07<\/b> \u00b7 Scale<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>The same station, from one site to a continent.<\/h2>\n      <p>The base unit is one station: an enclosure with its power, compute and radio, rated for the environment it stands in. A site joins a few stations on shared power and a mast; a cluster shares a depot and a spares pool; a region standardises on one bill of materials; a global network repeats it. Environmental classes and ingress ratings let the same block be specified for a new climate without redesign.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>IEC 60721-3-4, Classification of environmental conditions: stationary use at non-weatherprotected locations; IEC 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"qualify\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>08<\/b> \u00b7 Qualification<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Qualified by test, not by claim.<\/h2>\n      <p>Before a design ships it passes a sequence of tests: cold, dry heat, damp heat, vibration and shock under the IEC 60068 methods; immunity and emissions under the IEC 61000 series; electrical safety under IEC 62368-1. A field pilot at a real site comes last. A unit that fails any gate goes back to design, and the test record travels with every station built to that design.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>IEC 60068-2 series, Environmental testing: tests; IEC 61000-6-2, Electromagnetic compatibility: immunity standard for industrial environments; IEC 62368-1, Audio\/video, information and communication technology equipment: safety requirements<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"battery\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>09<\/b> \u00b7 Batteries<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Batteries chosen for the coldest night and a safe journey.<\/h2>\n      <p>Storage is a stack of decisions. The cells set energy and temperature tolerance; the battery management system balances them and refuses to charge lithium cells below freezing, which plates the anode; thermal control keeps them in range; the enclosure contains a failure. Lithium batteries ship only after the United Nations transport tests, and industrial packs follow the IEC safety requirements for secondary lithium cells.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>United Nations, Manual of Tests and Criteria, Part III, sub-section 38.3; IEC 62619, Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"service\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>10<\/b> \u00b7 Field service<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Swap the module, not the station.<\/h2>\n      <p>A station is built from line-replaceable modules, so a visit is a swap and the repair happens at the bench. Availability is mean time between failures divided by that time plus the mean time to restore, so shortening the restore time pays as much as rarer faults. Spares are pooled at the depot and sized from failure rates and supplier lead times, not stocked at every site.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>O\u2019Connor and Kleyner, Practical Reliability Engineering, 5th edition, Wiley; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.electropedia.org\/\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC 60050-192, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary: dependability<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"lifecycle\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>11<\/b> \u00b7 Lifecycle<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Built to be refurbished, then recovered.<\/h2>\n      <p>Hardware has its own lifecycle: commissioning against an acceptance test, years of operation, preventive maintenance, a mid-life refresh of batteries and compute, and retirement. At the end, electronics go to separate collection and treatment, and batteries carry obligations for collection, recycled content and information on their condition, so a decommissioned station becomes recovered material rather than waste.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/dir\/2012\/19\/oj\" rel=\"noopener\">Directive 2012\/19\/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2023\/1542\/oj\" rel=\"noopener\">Regulation (EU) 2023\/1542 concerning batteries and waste batteries<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"asks\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>12<\/b> \u00b7 Buyers\u2019 questions<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>The questions a hardware buyer should ask.<\/h2>\n      <p>To which environmental class was it tested, and was the laboratory accredited for those tests? How long until a failed module is replaced, and where do the spares sit? What does the power system deliver on the shortest day? Can parts come from more than one maker? What is recovered at end of life? Accreditation of testing laboratories is what makes the answer on testing worth trusting.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ISO\/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/main><noscript><nav class=\"nxo-related\" aria-labelledby=\"nxo-related-h\"><div class=\"w\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Across the network<\/p><h2 id=\"nxo-related-h\">Related on Nexus Observatory<\/h2><div class=\"nxo-related-g\"><section><h3>Hardware &amp; power<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/\">Hardware &amp; power overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/form-factors\/\">Form factors<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/power\/\">Power<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/ruggedisation\/\">Ruggedisation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/mobile-and-deployable\/\">Mobile and deployable<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/reference-designs\/\">Reference designs<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/oem\/\">OEM<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/areas\/\">Hardware &amp; power: areas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/technologies\/\">Hardware &amp; power: technologies<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/architecture\/\">Hardware &amp; power: architecture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/industries\/\">Hardware &amp; power: industries served<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/resources\/\">Hardware &amp; power: resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Industries served<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety and emergency management<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/resilience\/\">Critical infrastructure and civil resilience<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/communities\/\">Communities, rural and Indigenous connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/humanitarian\/\">Humanitarian and development<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy and utilities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecommunications and digital infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/infrastructure\/\">Construction and infrastructure assets<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/mining\/\">Mining and resources<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/industry\/\">Manufacturing and industrial sites<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/research\/\">Science and research<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/education\/\">Education and skills<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/events\/\">Sports, events and venues<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Technology domains<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/power\/\">Power, energy and ruggedisation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Related platforms<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/\">Field services<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/data-products\/\">Data &amp; licensing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation &amp; GeoAI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/#lines\">Design and integration<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/grid-services\/\">Protocol &amp; Grid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/nav><footer class=\"legal\"><div class=\"w\"><div>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/div><div><b>Legal<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy notice<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms of use<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Cookie policy<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/official-languages\/\">Official languages<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/notices\/\">Notices<\/a><\/div><div><b>Company<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/about\/\">About<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/consortium\/\">Open governance<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/footer><\/noscript><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"nxo-config\">{\"base\":\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/\",\"search\":\"\",\"view\":\"x-hardware\",\"links\":{\"$comment\":\"Network link map with the industry sites as main-site hubs (docs\/28 option): industry pages under \/industries\/{id}\/, platforms on their subsites. 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