{"id":21,"date":"2026-11-02T11:40:48","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:40:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/field-services\/explainer\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T11:44:00","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:44:00","slug":"explainer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/field-services\/explainer\/","title":{"rendered":"Field services: explainer"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/kit-fonts.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/kit.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/i18n.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/chrome.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/x-core.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/system\/3d\/3d.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/view-x-field.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<div class=\"nxo-view\" data-nxo-view=\"x-field\" data-nxo-bundle=\"99e42e7aa6ec\"><div class=\"nxo-ssr\" data-nxo-snap> <main><section><p><b>Pier stakes<\/b> <em>\u00b7 three legs, 3.4 m face<\/em><\/p><p><b>GNSS base<\/b> <em>\u00b7 pier positions<\/em><\/p><p><b>Survey drone<\/b> <em>\u00b7 terrain model<\/em><\/p><p><b>25.2 m<\/b> <em>\u00b7 lattice to 18 m, straight above<\/em><\/p><p><b>Radios and backhaul<\/b><\/p><p><b>Lines swept, links proven<\/b><\/p><p><b>Three sectors in service<\/b><\/p><p><b>Radios swapped<\/b> <em>\u00b7 steel stays<\/em><\/p><p><b>Footprint restored<\/b> <em>\u00b7 piers removed below grade<\/em><\/p><p><b>Crew truck<\/b><\/p><p><b>Survey<\/b> <em>\u00b7 year 0<\/em><\/p><p><b>Year 20<\/b> <em>\u00b7 removal<\/em><\/p><p><b>Year 0<\/b> <em>\u00b7 in service<\/em><\/p> <p><b>Needs 1.8 m<\/b><\/p><p><b>Ground<\/b> <em>\u00b7 6.5 m below the feet<\/em><\/p><p><b>Stock 3<\/b> <em>\u00b7 covers 95 % of lead times<\/em><\/p><p><b>Fleet<\/b> <em>\u00b7 red units are down<\/em><\/p><p><b>Failures in one lead time<\/b> <em>\u00b7 Poisson<\/em><\/p><p><b>Fibre to the hub<\/b><\/p><p><b>Cabinet<\/b> <em>\u00b7 sweep and power<\/em><\/p><p><b>Lattice steel<\/b> <em>\u00b7 recycle<\/em><\/p><p><b>Concrete piers<\/b> <em>\u00b7 recycle<\/em><\/p><p><b>LFP battery packs<\/b> <em>\u00b7 recycle<\/em><\/p><p><b>Equipment cabinet<\/b> <em>\u00b7 reuse<\/em><\/p><p><b>Hybrid trunk cable<\/b> <em>\u00b7 recycle<\/em><\/p><p><b>Radios<\/b> <em>\u00b7 reuse<\/em><\/p><p><b>Depot<\/b> <em>\u00b7 1,523 m, valley floor<\/em><\/p><p><b>Depot<\/b><\/p><p><b>Crew truck<\/b><\/p><p><b>Site A<\/b> <em>\u00b7 2,727 m<\/em><\/p><p><b>Site B<\/b> <em>\u00b7 2,636 m<\/em><\/p><p><b>Site C<\/b> <em>\u00b7 2,520 m<\/em><\/p> <nav aria-label=\"Chapters\"><span>01<\/span><span>02<\/span><span>03<\/span><span>04<\/span><span>05<\/span><span>06<\/span><span>07<\/span><\/nav> <p>Intro.<\/p> <article><p>Field services \u00b7 Explainer<\/p> <div role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"1\" class=\"nxo-ssr-h1\">One site, from survey stake to final truckload.<\/div> <p>A remote site is built, proven, kept running and finally taken away by people in trucks and on ladders. Seven steps of that work, each worked live: the lifecycle, the crew&#8217;s route, the radio survey, the climb, the acceptance test, the spares that keep a fleet running and the ledger that closes the site. Every number below is computed live from your inputs.<\/p> <nav aria-label=\"Chapters\"><span><b>01<\/b>Site lifecycle<\/span><span><b>02<\/b>Crew route<\/span><span><b>03<\/b>RF survey<\/span><span><b>04<\/b>Tower climb<\/span><span><b>05<\/b>Acceptance test<\/span><span><b>06<\/b>Repair time and spares<\/span><span><b>07<\/b>Decommission ledger<\/span><\/nav> <\/article> <article><p><b>01<\/b> \u00b7 Site lifecycle<\/p> <h2>Seven stages, one site, decades apart.<\/h2> <p>Survey fixes where the foundations go and what the ground will carry. Design turns that into drawings and a structural check. Install and commission happen in weeks; operation lasts as long as the structure and the power hold, broken by planned refurbishments; decommissioning returns the ground. Planned attendances are the three build visits, the preventive visits over the service life, each refurbishment and the final removal.<\/p> <p>Stage<\/p> <p>Survey: a GNSS base fixes the pier positions to the centimetre, a drone flies the parcel for a terrain model and test pits tell the designer what the ground will bear.<\/p> <dl><dt>Preventive visits over the life<\/dt><dd>40<\/dd> <dt>Refurbishments<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd> <dt>Planned site attendances<\/dt><dd>46<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>02<\/b> \u00b7 Crew route<\/p> <h2>The truck takes the cheapest way up, not the shortest.<\/h2> <p>On the Bow Valley elevation model the route is a least-cost path from the valley-floor depot: each step costs its surface length weighted by 1 + 10g\u00b2, where g is the grade, and steps steeper than the limit are not allowed. Lower the limit and the route lengthens, switches back or stops short of the ridge.<\/p> <p>Site<\/p> <p>Average speed<\/p> <dl><dt>Route length<\/dt><dd>25.7 km<\/dd> <dt>Total climb<\/dt><dd>1,364 m<\/dd> <dt>Steepest step on the route<\/dt><dd>13.6 %<\/dd> <dt>Straight-line distance<\/dt><dd>12.5 km<\/dd> <dt>Drive time, one way<\/dt><dd>0 h 51 min<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>03<\/b> \u00b7 RF survey along the route<\/p> <h2>Free space sets the floor. The ridge decides the rest.<\/h2> <p>The survey walks the access route and predicts the signal from the mast at every step. Free-space loss is 20 log<sub>10<\/sub>(d km) + 20 log<sub>10<\/sub>(f MHz) + 32.44 dB. Each path is checked against the terrain with the Earth bulge for k = 4\/3; where a ridge cuts into Fresnel zone 1, the worst obstacle is treated as a knife edge, \u03bd = h\u221a(2(d\u2081+d\u2082)\/(\u03bbd\u2081d\u2082)), with loss 6.9 + 20 log<sub>10<\/sub>(\u221a((\u03bd\u22120.1)\u00b2+1) + \u03bd \u2212 0.1) dB. Points below \u2212100 dBm turn red.<\/p> <p>Frequency<\/p> <dl><dt>Surveyor distance<\/dt><dd>\u2013<\/dd> <dt>Free-space loss<\/dt><dd>\u2013<\/dd> <dt>Worst obstruction loss<\/dt><dd>\u2013<\/dd> <dt>Predicted level<\/dt><dd>\u2013<\/dd> <dt>Route above \u2212100 dBm<\/dt><dd>100 %<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>04<\/b> \u00b7 Tower climb<\/p> <h2>A fall arrest only works if there is room to stop.<\/h2> <p>Clearance needed below the feet is the free fall, plus the arrest distance, plus about 0.3 m of harness stretch and D-ring shift, plus a 0.6 m margin. The runner on a rigid ladder rail lets the climber drop about 0.3 m and stops within about 0.6 m. A 1.8 m energy-absorbing lanyard falls its own length plus the drop from anchor to D-ring, about 1.5 m above the feet, and its absorber may extend up to about 1.2 m. Low on the ladder, or just above a platform, a lanyard tied at the feet cannot stop a fall in time.<\/p> <p>Fall-arrest system<\/p> <ul><li>Permit, rescue plan, radios locked out ground<\/li> <li>Runner on the rail before climbing 0.3 m<\/li> <li>Rest platform 9 m<\/li> <li>Rest platform 17 m<\/li> <li>Through the hatch, tied off before leaving the rail 24 m<\/li> <\/ul> <dl><dt>Free fall<\/dt><dd>0.3 m<\/dd> <dt>Clearance needed below the feet<\/dt><dd>1.8 m<\/dd> <dt>Clearance available<\/dt><dd>6.5 m<\/dd> <dt>Verdict<\/dt><dd>Arrest stops in time<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>05<\/b> \u00b7 Acceptance test<\/p> <h2>Commissioning ends when every line of the checklist passes.<\/h2> <p>The antenna line is swept for reflections: with reflection coefficient \u0393 = (VSWR \u2212 1)\/(VSWR + 1), return loss is \u221220 log<sub>10<\/sub>\u0393 and mismatch loss is \u221210 log<sub>10<\/sub>(1 \u2212 \u0393\u00b2); the line passes at 14 dB of return loss or better. The fibre passes when the optic&#8217;s power budget exceeds 0.35 dB\/km at 1310 nm, two connectors at 0.5 dB, a splice every 2 km at 0.1 dB and a 3 dB repair margin.<\/p> <p>Optic power budget<\/p> <p>Run the test<\/p> <ul><li>Visual and torque inspection \u2013<\/li> <li>Grounding and bonding \u2013<\/li> <li>Antenna line sweep \u2013<\/li> <li>Fibre link budget \u2013<\/li> <li>Timing reference lock \u2013<\/li> <li>Alarms reach operations \u2013<\/li> <li>As-built record filed \u2013<\/li> <\/ul> <dl><dt>Return loss \u00b7 mismatch loss<\/dt><dd>19.1 dB \u00b7 0.05 dB<\/dd> <dt>Fibre loss \u00b7 margin left<\/dt><dd>5.8 dB \u00b7 6.2 dB<\/dd> <dt>Result<\/dt><dd>Not run<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>06<\/b> \u00b7 Repair time and spares<\/p> <h2>Availability is bought with repair time and stock on the shelf.<\/h2> <p>A fleet of N units with mean time between failures MTBF fails N \u00b7 8760 \/ MTBF times a year. One unit is available MTBF \/ (MTBF + MTTR) of the time. Failures in a resupply lead time follow a Poisson distribution with mean N \u00b7 lead time \/ MTBF, so the spares to hold are the smallest stock whose cumulative probability reaches the service level. Each bar in the scene is one stock level.<\/p> <p>Service level<\/p> <dl><dt>Failures a year<\/dt><dd>10.5<\/dd> <dt>Unit availability<\/dt><dd>99.988 %<\/dd> <dt>Downtime per unit a year<\/dt><dd>63 min<\/dd> <dt>Mean failures in a lead time<\/dt><dd>1.30<\/dd> <dt>Spares to hold<\/dt><dd>3 \u00b7 P(enough) 95.7 %<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>07<\/b> \u00b7 Decommission ledger<\/p> <h2>Every tonne leaves the site with a destination.<\/h2> <p>The ledger weighs what comes down by class figures: about 120 kg of lattice steel per metre of a light three-leg tower, concrete piers at 2.4 t\/m\u00b3 for three \u00d81.0 m \u00d7 3 m piers, lithium iron phosphate packs at about 7 kg per kWh, 150 kg per equipment cabinet, and hybrid trunk cable at 0.6 kg per metre for six runs up the tower. Choose each line&#8217;s destination; the diversion rate is reused plus recycled mass over total mass. Each block in the scene is half a tonne.<\/p> <ul><li>Lattice steel \u00b7 3.0 t<\/li><li>Concrete piers \u00b7 17.0 t<\/li><li>LFP battery packs \u00b7 420 kg<\/li><li>Equipment cabinet \u00b7 150 kg<\/li><li>Hybrid trunk cable \u00b7 90 kg<\/li><li>Radios, antennas, dishes \u00b7 240 kg<\/li><\/ul> <dl><dt>Total removed<\/dt><dd>20.9 t<\/dd> <dt>Reused \u00b7 recycled<\/dt><dd>20.9 t<\/dd> <dt>To disposal<\/dt><dd>0.0 t<\/dd> <dt>Diversion rate<\/dt><dd>100.0 %<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <\/section> <\/main> <footer><p><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><b>Field services<\/b>. Survey to decommission, one accountable crew.<a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><\/p><p>Field services<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/survey\/\">Survey<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/install-and-commission\/\">Install and commission<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/managed-site-cell\/\">Managed Site<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/support\/\">Support<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/training\/\">Training<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/decommission\/\">Decommission<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Technologies<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/field\/survey-and-site-acquisition\/\">Survey and site acquisition<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/field\/permitting-and-approvals\/\">Permitting and approvals<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Industries<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/government\/\">Government<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/cities\/\">Cities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/resilience\/\">Civil resilience<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/communities\/\">Communities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/humanitarian\/\">Humanitarian<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/climate\/\">Climate<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Service platforms<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/grid-services\/\">Protocol &amp; Grid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/software\/\">Software<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/\">Hardware &amp; power<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><\/ul> <p>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Legal\"><a href=\"\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a><a href=\"\/privacy-choices\/\">Cookie settings<\/a><a href=\"\/credits\/\">Data credits<\/a><\/nav> <\/footer>\n<\/div><!--\/nxo-ssr--><main>\n<section class=\"story\" id=\"story\" aria-label=\"Field services explainer\">\n  <div class=\"stage\" id=\"stage\">\n    <canvas id=\"c\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"3D scene for the current chapter. Drag or use the arrow keys to turn it.\"><\/canvas>\n    <div class=\"hud\" id=\"hud\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"loading\" id=\"loading\">Loading the scene\u2026<\/div>\n    <nav class=\"rail\" id=\"rail\" aria-label=\"Chapters\"><\/nav>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chapters\" id=\"chapters\">\n    <article class=\"ch intro\" id=\"top\">\n      <div class=\"in\">\n        <div class=\"hrow\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Field services \u00b7 Explainer<\/span><\/div>\n        <h1>One site, from survey stake to final truckload.<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"lede\">A remote site is built, proven, kept running and finally taken away by people in trucks and on ladders. Seven steps of that work, each worked live: the lifecycle, the crew&#8217;s route, the radio survey, the climb, the acceptance test, the spares that keep a fleet running and the ledger that closes the site. Every number below is computed live from your inputs.<\/p>\n        <nav class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" aria-label=\"Chapters\"><\/nav>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"lifecycle\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>01<\/b> \u00b7 Site lifecycle<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>One site, every stage, decades apart.<\/h2>\n      <p>Survey fixes where the foundations go and what the ground will carry. Design turns that into drawings and a structural check. Install and commission happen in weeks; operation lasts as long as the structure and the power hold, broken by planned refurbishments; decommissioning returns the ground. Planned attendances are the three build visits, the preventive visits over the service life, each refurbishment and the final removal.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"stgL\">Stage<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"stgL\" id=\"stg\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Survey<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Design<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Install<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"3\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Commission<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"4\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Operate<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"5\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Refurbish<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"6\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Decommission<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <p id=\"stTxt\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"life\">Service life<\/label><output id=\"lifeO\" for=\"life\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"life\" min=\"10\" max=\"30\" step=\"1\" value=\"20\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"pm\">Preventive visits a year<\/label><output id=\"pmO\" for=\"pm\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"pm\" min=\"1\" max=\"4\" step=\"1\" value=\"2\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"rf\">Refurbish every<\/label><output id=\"rfO\" for=\"rf\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"rf\" min=\"4\" max=\"12\" step=\"1\" value=\"7\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Preventive visits over the life<\/dt><dd id=\"lPm\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Refurbishments<\/dt><dd id=\"lRf\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Planned site attendances<\/dt><dd id=\"lTot\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"route\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>02<\/b> \u00b7 Crew route<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>The truck takes the cheapest way up, not the shortest.<\/h2>\n      <p>On the Bow Valley elevation model the route is a least-cost path from the valley-floor depot: each step costs its surface length weighted by 1 + 10g\u00b2, where g is the grade, and steps steeper than the limit are not allowed. Lower the limit and the route lengthens, switches back or stops short of the ridge.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"siteL\">Site<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"siteL\" id=\"site\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Site A<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Site B<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Site C<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"gmax\">Steepest grade allowed<\/label><output id=\"gmaxO\" for=\"gmax\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"gmax\" min=\"6\" max=\"24\" step=\"1\" value=\"14\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"roadL\">Average speed<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"roadL\" id=\"road\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"60\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Gravel road \u00b7 60 km\/h<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"30\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Forest road \u00b7 30 km\/h<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"12\" aria-pressed=\"false\">4\u00d74 track \u00b7 12 km\/h<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Route length<\/dt><dd id=\"rLen\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Total climb<\/dt><dd id=\"rUp\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Steepest step on the route<\/dt><dd id=\"rMax\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Straight-line distance<\/dt><dd id=\"rLos\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Drive time, one way<\/dt><dd id=\"rT\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"rfwalk\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>03<\/b> \u00b7 RF survey along the route<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Free space sets the floor. The ridge decides the rest.<\/h2>\n      <p>The survey walks the access route and predicts the signal from the mast at every step. Free-space loss is 20 log<sub>10<\/sub>(d km) + 20 log<sub>10<\/sub>(f MHz) + 32.44 dB. Each path is checked against the terrain with the Earth bulge for k = 4\/3; where a ridge cuts into Fresnel zone 1, the worst obstacle is treated as a knife edge, \u03bd = h\u221a(2(d\u2081+d\u2082)\/(\u03bbd\u2081d\u2082)), with loss 6.9 + 20 log<sub>10<\/sub>(\u221a((\u03bd\u22120.1)\u00b2+1) + \u03bd \u2212 0.1) dB. Points below \u2212100 dBm turn red.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"frqL\">Frequency<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"frqL\" id=\"frq\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"700\" aria-pressed=\"true\">700 MHz<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1900\" aria-pressed=\"false\">1.9 GHz<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"3500\" aria-pressed=\"false\">3.5 GHz<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"mast\">Antenna height on the mast<\/label><output id=\"mastO\" for=\"mast\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"mast\" min=\"10\" max=\"60\" step=\"1\" value=\"25\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"eirp\">EIRP<\/label><output id=\"eirpO\" for=\"eirp\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"eirp\" min=\"40\" max=\"65\" step=\"1\" value=\"58\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Surveyor distance<\/dt><dd id=\"wD\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Free-space loss<\/dt><dd id=\"wF\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Worst obstruction loss<\/dt><dd id=\"wK\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Predicted level<\/dt><dd id=\"wP\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Route above \u2212100 dBm<\/dt><dd id=\"wCov\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"climb\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>04<\/b> \u00b7 Tower climb<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>A fall arrest only works if there is room to stop.<\/h2>\n      <p>Clearance needed below the feet is the free fall, plus the arrest distance, plus about 0.3 m of harness stretch and D-ring shift, plus a 0.6 m margin. The runner on a rigid ladder rail lets the climber drop about 0.3 m and stops within about 0.6 m. A 1.8 m energy-absorbing lanyard falls its own length plus the drop from anchor to D-ring, about 1.5 m above the feet, and its absorber may extend up to about 1.2 m. Low on the ladder, or just above a platform, a lanyard tied at the feet cannot stop a fall in time.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"sysL\">Fall-arrest system<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"sysL\" id=\"sys\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"rail\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Ladder rail<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"srl\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Self-retracting, overhead<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"dring\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lanyard at D-ring<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"feet\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Lanyard at feet<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"cy\">Climber&#8217;s feet at<\/label><output id=\"cyO\" for=\"cy\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"cy\" min=\"0\" max=\"23.7\" step=\"0.1\" value=\"6.5\"><\/div>\n      <ul class=\"chk\" id=\"cChk\">\n        <li data-y=\"0\"><i><\/i><span>Permit, rescue plan, radios locked out<\/span><span>ground<\/span><\/li>\n        <li data-y=\"0.3\"><i><\/i><span>Runner on the rail before climbing<\/span><span>0.3 m<\/span><\/li>\n        <li data-y=\"9\"><i><\/i><span>Rest platform<\/span><span>9 m<\/span><\/li>\n        <li data-y=\"17\"><i><\/i><span>Rest platform<\/span><span>17 m<\/span><\/li>\n        <li data-y=\"23.6\"><i><\/i><span>Through the hatch, tied off before leaving the rail<\/span><span>24 m<\/span><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Free fall<\/dt><dd id=\"cFf\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Clearance needed below the feet<\/dt><dd id=\"cReq\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Clearance available<\/dt><dd id=\"cAv\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Verdict<\/dt><dd id=\"cOk\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"accept\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>05<\/b> \u00b7 Acceptance test<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Commissioning ends when every line of the checklist passes.<\/h2>\n      <p>The antenna line is swept for reflections: with reflection coefficient \u0393 = (VSWR \u2212 1)\/(VSWR + 1), return loss is \u221220 log<sub>10<\/sub>\u0393 and mismatch loss is \u221210 log<sub>10<\/sub>(1 \u2212 \u0393\u00b2); the line passes at 14 dB of return loss or better. The fibre passes when the optic&#8217;s power budget exceeds 0.35 dB\/km at 1310 nm, two connectors at 0.5 dB, a splice every 2 km at 0.1 dB and a 3 dB repair margin.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"vswr\">Measured VSWR<\/label><output id=\"vswrO\" for=\"vswr\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"vswr\" min=\"1.05\" max=\"2.5\" step=\"0.05\" value=\"1.25\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"fib\">Fibre run to the hub<\/label><output id=\"fibO\" for=\"fib\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"fib\" min=\"1\" max=\"40\" step=\"1\" value=\"12\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"optL\">Optic power budget<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"optL\" id=\"opt\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"8\" aria-pressed=\"false\">8 dB<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"15\" aria-pressed=\"true\">15 dB<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"22\" aria-pressed=\"false\">22 dB<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\">Run the test<\/span><button type=\"button\" class=\"tbtn\" id=\"run\">Run checklist<\/button><\/div>\n      <ul class=\"chk\" id=\"aChk\">\n        <li><i><\/i><span>Visual and torque inspection<\/span><span id=\"a0\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n        <li><i><\/i><span>Grounding and bonding<\/span><span id=\"a1\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n        <li><i><\/i><span>Antenna line sweep<\/span><span id=\"a2\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n        <li><i><\/i><span>Fibre link budget<\/span><span id=\"a3\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n        <li><i><\/i><span>Timing reference lock<\/span><span id=\"a4\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n        <li><i><\/i><span>Alarms reach operations<\/span><span id=\"a5\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n        <li><i><\/i><span>As-built record filed<\/span><span id=\"a6\">\u2013<\/span><\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Return loss \u00b7 mismatch loss<\/dt><dd id=\"aRl\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Fibre loss \u00b7 margin left<\/dt><dd id=\"aFb\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Result<\/dt><dd id=\"aRes\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"spares\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>06<\/b> \u00b7 Repair time and spares<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Availability is bought with repair time and stock on the shelf.<\/h2>\n      <p>A fleet of N units with mean time between failures MTBF fails N \u00b7 8760 \/ MTBF times a year. One unit is available MTBF \/ (MTBF + MTTR) of the time. Failures in a resupply lead time follow a Poisson distribution with mean N \u00b7 lead time \/ MTBF, so the spares to hold are the smallest stock whose cumulative probability reaches the service level. Each bar in the scene is one stock level.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"nU\">Units in the fleet<\/label><output id=\"nUO\" for=\"nU\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"nU\" min=\"10\" max=\"400\" step=\"10\" value=\"120\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"mtbf\">MTBF<\/label><output id=\"mtbfO\" for=\"mtbf\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"mtbf\" min=\"20000\" max=\"300000\" step=\"10000\" value=\"100000\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"mttr\">MTTR<\/label><output id=\"mttrO\" for=\"mttr\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"mttr\" min=\"2\" max=\"72\" step=\"1\" value=\"12\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"lead\">Resupply lead time<\/label><output id=\"leadO\" for=\"lead\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"lead\" min=\"7\" max=\"120\" step=\"1\" value=\"45\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"slL\">Service level<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg sm full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"slL\" id=\"sl\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.9\" aria-pressed=\"false\">90 %<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.95\" aria-pressed=\"true\">95 %<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.99\" aria-pressed=\"false\">99 %<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Failures a year<\/dt><dd id=\"sF\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Unit availability<\/dt><dd id=\"sA\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Downtime per unit a year<\/dt><dd id=\"sD\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Mean failures in a lead time<\/dt><dd id=\"sL\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Spares to hold<\/dt><dd id=\"sK\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"ledger\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>07<\/b> \u00b7 Decommission ledger<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Every tonne leaves the site with a destination.<\/h2>\n      <p>The ledger weighs what comes down by class figures: about 120 kg of lattice steel per metre of a light three-leg tower, concrete piers at 2.4 t\/m\u00b3 for three \u00d81.0 m \u00d7 3 m piers, lithium iron phosphate packs at about 7 kg per kWh, 150 kg per equipment cabinet, and hybrid trunk cable at 0.6 kg per metre for six runs up the tower. Choose each line&#8217;s destination; the diversion rate is reused plus recycled mass over total mass. Each block in the scene is half a tonne.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"th\">Tower height<\/label><output id=\"thO\" for=\"th\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"th\" min=\"15\" max=\"60\" step=\"1\" value=\"25\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"kwh\">Battery storage<\/label><output id=\"kwhO\" for=\"kwh\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"kwh\" min=\"0\" max=\"200\" step=\"5\" value=\"60\"><\/div>\n      <ul class=\"chk\" id=\"lRows\"><\/ul>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Total removed<\/dt><dd id=\"gTot\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Reused \u00b7 recycled<\/dt><dd id=\"gRe\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>To disposal<\/dt><dd id=\"gDis\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Diversion rate<\/dt><dd id=\"gDiv\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"scale\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>08<\/b> \u00b7 Scale<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>One crew at one site, then a field force across regions.<\/h2>\n      <p>The smallest unit is one trained crew with a kitted vehicle. A site visit follows a standard procedure; a cluster of sites shares a depot and a spares pool; a region schedules crews from one dispatch desk; the global network applies the same procedures, training and parts lists in every country, often through local partners. Asset management treats all of it as one coordinated activity that turns assets into value.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ISO 55000, Asset management: vocabulary, overview and principles<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"safety\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>09<\/b> \u00b7 Safety<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Safety is planned before anyone leaves the depot.<\/h2>\n      <p>Work at height and near energised equipment is planned in layers: training and competence first, then a permit to work, isolation and lockout of every energy source, fall protection for the climb and a rescue plan that does not depend on emergency services arriving in time. An occupational health and safety management system keeps these controls reviewed and improved rather than written once and filed.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ISO 45001, Occupational health and safety management systems; ANSI\/ASSP Z359, Fall Protection and Fall Restraint Code<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"dispatch\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>10<\/b> \u00b7 Dispatch<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Most alarms end before a truck rolls.<\/h2>\n      <p>An alarm goes first to remote diagnosis, where many are cleared by a restart or a configuration change. Only faults that need hands are dispatched, with the likely part already on the vehicle, and after the repair the fix is verified remotely before the ticket closes. Alarm surveillance, fault localisation, testing and trouble administration are the fault management functions this sequence follows.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ITU-T M.3400, TMN management functions<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"condition\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>11<\/b> \u00b7 Condition-based visits<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Visits planned from condition, not the calendar.<\/h2>\n      <p>A calendar of preventive visits sends crews to healthy sites too often and to failing ones too late. Condition-based maintenance watches what each site reports, such as battery health, enclosure temperature and link margin, and schedules a visit when a trend crosses its threshold. The general guidelines for condition monitoring describe how to choose what to measure and when to act on it.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ISO 17359, Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines: general guidelines<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" id=\"asks\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>12<\/b> \u00b7 Buyers\u2019 questions<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>What to ask of a field service partner.<\/h2>\n      <p>What response and restore times hold in each region, and how are they measured? Who covers the remote sites, and with what training? Where do the spares sit? What is the safety record, and which management system stands behind it? What happens to the site records, keys and spares if the contract ends? A partner whose safety system is audited by a third party can show the fourth answer on paper.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ISO 45001, Occupational health and safety management systems; ISO 55000, Asset management: vocabulary, overview and principles<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n<\/main><noscript><nav class=\"nxo-related\" aria-labelledby=\"nxo-related-h\"><div class=\"w\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Across the network<\/p><h2 id=\"nxo-related-h\">Related on Nexus Observatory<\/h2><div class=\"nxo-related-g\"><section><h3>Field services<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/\">Field services overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/survey\/\">Survey<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/install-and-commission\/\">Install and commission<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/managed-site-cell\/\">Managed Site<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/support\/\">Support<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/training\/\">Training<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/decommission\/\">Decommission<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/areas\/\">Field services: areas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/technologies\/\">Field services: technologies<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/architecture\/\">Field services: architecture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/industries\/\">Field services: industries served<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/resources\/\">Field services: resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Industries served<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety and emergency management<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/government\/\">Government and national programmes<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/cities\/\">Cities and urban systems<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/resilience\/\">Critical infrastructure and civil resilience<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/communities\/\">Communities, rural and Indigenous connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/humanitarian\/\">Humanitarian and development<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/climate\/\">Climate and atmosphere<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/water\/\">Water and hydrology<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Forests, land and biodiversity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/agriculture\/\">Agriculture and food<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy and utilities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecommunications and digital infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/infrastructure\/\">Construction and infrastructure assets<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/mining\/\">Mining and resources<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/industry\/\">Manufacturing and industrial sites<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/research\/\">Science and research<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/education\/\">Education and skills<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/health\/\">Health and environmental exposure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/events\/\">Sports, events and venues<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Technology domains<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/field\/\">Field operations and lifecycle<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Related platforms<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; 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