{"id":21,"date":"2026-11-02T11:40:44","date_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:40:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/edge-ai\/explainer\/"},"modified":"2026-11-02T11:43:49","modified_gmt":"2026-11-02T11:43:49","slug":"explainer","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/edge-ai\/explainer\/","title":{"rendered":"Edge compute &#038; AI: explainer"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/kit-fonts.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/kit.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/i18n.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/chrome.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/x1.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/system\/3d\/3d.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/view-x-edge.css?ver=99e42e7aa6ec\">\n<div class=\"nxo-view\" data-nxo-view=\"x-edge\" data-nxo-bundle=\"99e42e7aa6ec\"><div class=\"nxo-ssr\" data-nxo-snap> <main><section><p>8 \u00d7 <b>2.99 Gb\/s<\/b><\/p><p><b>Cloud region<\/b><\/p><p>Results \u00b7 <b>41.0 kb\/s<\/b><\/p><p>0 km<\/p><p>1,000 km<\/p><p>2,000 km<\/p><p>3,000 km<\/p><p>4,000 km<\/p><p>Region \u00b7 <b>1,200 km<\/b><\/p><p>Deadline reach \u00b7 <b>1,224 km<\/b><\/p><p><b>Edge<\/b><\/p><p>Queue empty<\/p><p>Firmware<br>27d091eb<\/p><p>Bootloader<br>96640d72<\/p><p>Kernel<br>c2bb900b<\/p><p>Initrd<br>0db7606b<\/p><p>Runtime<br>97d6a78c<\/p><p>Model<br>c8c2e6e5<\/p><p>Verifier \u00b7 <b>quote matches<\/b><\/p><p><b>Signed plan<\/b><\/p><p>Wave 1 \u00b7 <b>5 nodes<\/b><\/p><p>122 m AGL<\/p> <nav aria-label=\"Chapters\"><span>01<\/span><span>02<\/span><span>03<\/span><span>04<\/span><span>05<\/span><span>06<\/span><span>07<\/span><\/nav> <p>8 \u00d7 2.99 Gb\/s<\/p> <article><p>Edge \u00b7 Explainer<\/p><p>Interactive<\/p> <div role=\"heading\" aria-level=\"1\" class=\"nxo-ssr-h1\">Compute where the data is born.<\/div> <p>Instruments flood a site with raw data. A data centre in a 20 ft container runs the models beside them and sends only results upstream. Seven decisions, each worked out live.<\/p> <dl><dt>Container<\/dt><dd>20 ft \u00b7 6 racks<\/dd> <dt>Cryptography<\/dt><dd>SHA-256 \u00b7 ECDSA P-256<\/dd> <dt>Chapters<\/dt><dd>7<\/dd> <\/dl> <nav aria-label=\"Chapters\"><span><b>01<\/b>Raw is heavy<\/span><span><b>02<\/b>Inference at the edge<\/span><span><b>03<\/b>Latency budget<\/span><span><b>04<\/b>Store and forward<\/span><span><b>05<\/b>Attestation<\/span><span><b>06<\/b>Signed plan<\/span><span><b>07<\/b>Physical AI<\/span><\/nav> <\/article> <article><p><b>01<\/b> \u00b7 Raw is heavy<\/p><p>Bitrate<\/p> <h2>Raw video outruns any backhaul.<\/h2> <p>An uncompressed frame is width \u00d7 height \u00d7 bits per pixel; 8-bit 4:2:0 colour costs 12 bits a pixel. Multiply by the frame rate and the cameras on site and the stream dwarfs a satellite or microwave link long before it reaches a region.<\/p> <p>Resolution<\/p> <p>Frame rate<\/p> <dl><dt>Per camera, raw<\/dt><dd>2.99 Gb\/s<\/dd> <dt>Site total, raw<\/dt><dd>23.89 Gb\/s<\/dd> <dt>Per day<\/dt><dd>257.99 TB<\/dd> <dt>Frames to analyse each second<\/dt><dd>240<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>02<\/b> \u00b7 Inference at the edge<\/p><p>Results<\/p> <h2>Ship the answer, not the pixels.<\/h2> <p>The GPU servers in the container&#8217;s racks turn frames into detections. A binary record of class (2 bytes), confidence (4), box (4 \u00d7 4), timestamp (8) and camera (2) is 32 bytes; that, not the frame, is what leaves the site.<\/p> <p>Record encoding<\/p> <dl><dt>Record size<\/dt><dd>32 bytes<\/dd> <dt>Results upstream<\/dt><dd>41.0 kb\/s<\/dd> <dt>Reduction against raw<\/dt><dd>583,200 : 1<\/dd> <dt>Results per day<\/dt><dd>442.4 MB<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>03<\/b> \u00b7 Latency budget<\/p><p>Round trip<\/p> <h2>Light in fibre sets the floor.<\/h2> <p>Glass slows light to about c\/1.47, close to 4.9 \u00b5s a kilometre. A control loop that must answer within its deadline pays that twice, out and back, before a single switch, queue or model runs. Distance alone can rule a region out.<\/p> <p>Round trip against the deadline<\/p> <p>Edge, 0.5 km<\/p> <p>8.0 ms<\/p> <p>Fibre round trip<\/p> <p>11.8 ms<\/p> <p>Cloud, total<\/p> <p>19.8 ms<\/p> <p>Deadline<\/p> <p>20 ms<\/p> <dl><dt>Farthest region that still meets it<\/dt><dd>1,224 km<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>04<\/b> \u00b7 Store and forward<\/p><p>Outage<\/p> <h2>When the link drops, the site keeps working.<\/h2> <p>Inference never stops for the backhaul. Results queue on local disk in order, and when the link returns the backlog drains at whatever capacity the live stream leaves free: drain time = backlog \u00f7 (link \u2212 live rate).<\/p> <p>Backhaul<\/p> <p>Disk for the queue<\/p> <dl><dt>Live rate upstream<\/dt><dd>41.0 kb\/s<\/dd> <dt>Backlog at the end of the outage<\/dt><dd>663.6 MB<\/dd> <dt>Drain time after restore<\/dt><dd>4.4 min<\/dd> <dt>Outage the disk can hold<\/dt><dd>12.4 years<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>05<\/b> \u00b7 Attestation<\/p><p>SHA-256<\/p> <h2>Prove what booted before trusting what it says.<\/h2> <p>Each boot stage hashes the next before handing over control and extends a platform configuration register: PCR = SHA-256(PCR \u2016 digest). A register can only be extended, never set, so its final value proves the whole chain. A remote verifier compares a signed quote of it with the golden value. Tamper with a stage and watch every later value change.<\/p> <p>Tamper with a stage<\/p> <ul><li><b>Firmware<\/b> matches <small>digest 32d4c441c39f15b1\u2026 \u00b7 PCR <b>27d091eb198d5e9d\u2026<\/b><\/small><\/li><li><b>Bootloader<\/b> matches <small>digest e63b965dca79e24e\u2026 \u00b7 PCR <b>96640d7272ff2502\u2026<\/b><\/small><\/li><li><b>Kernel<\/b> matches <small>digest 707e9ff01a3bba3e\u2026 \u00b7 PCR <b>c2bb900b5b91a33c\u2026<\/b><\/small><\/li><li><b>Initrd<\/b> matches <small>digest 9ab8295753874ac4\u2026 \u00b7 PCR <b>0db7606be3601b24\u2026<\/b><\/small><\/li><li><b>Runtime<\/b> matches <small>digest b5575b146d0497ee\u2026 \u00b7 PCR <b>97d6a78c7314e81d\u2026<\/b><\/small><\/li><li><b>Model<\/b> matches <small>digest 22a2043d13a5e837\u2026 \u00b7 PCR <b>c8c2e6e596843a93\u2026<\/b><\/small><\/li><\/ul> <dl><dt>Verifier<\/dt><dd>matches the golden value<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>06<\/b> \u00b7 Signed plan<\/p><p>ECDSA P-256<\/p> <h2>A model update is a signed plan, rolled out in waves.<\/h2> <p>The plan names the model by its digest and the waves of the fleet that take it. It is signed with ECDSA over P-256 and SHA-256; every node verifies the signature against a key it already trusts before it fetches a byte. Change one character after signing and no node moves.<\/p> <p>Plan in transit<\/p> <p>{&#8220;model&#8221;:&#8221;detector&#8221;,&#8221;digest&#8221;:&#8221;sha256:80b1542df0ab\u2026&#8221;,&#8221;waves&#8221;:[{&#8220;share&#8221;:10},{&#8220;share&#8221;:100}]}<\/p> <dl><dt>Signature<\/dt><dd>8002960c2e96fc76\u2026 \u00b7 64 bytes<\/dd> <dt>Verification on each node<\/dt><dd>valid<\/dd> <dt>Nodes updating now<\/dt><dd>5 of 50<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <article><p><b>07<\/b> \u00b7 Physical AI<\/p><p>Survey<\/p> <h2>A drone that flies its own survey.<\/h2> <p>The same box plans and checks a survey flight. Ground sample distance is sensor width \u00d7 altitude \u00f7 (focal length \u00d7 image width); overlap sets the spacing of the lines. In Canada, Part IX of the Canadian Aviation Regulations caps routine flight at 122 m above ground.<\/p> <p>Camera<\/p> <dl><dt>Ground sample distance<\/dt><dd>2.74 cm\/px<\/dd> <dt>Footprint per image<\/dt><dd>150 \u00d7 100 m<\/dd> <dt>Lines over 600 \u00d7 400 m<\/dt><dd>10 \u00b7 44 m apart<\/dd> <dt>Images at 75 % forward overlap<\/dt><dd>257<\/dd> <dt>Flight at 10 m\/s<\/dt><dd>6.40 km \u00b7 10.7 min<\/dd> <dt>Altitude against 122 m<\/dt><dd>22 m under<\/dd> <\/dl> <\/article> <\/section> <\/main> <footer><p><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><b>Edge compute &amp; AI<\/b>. Inference beside the instrument.<a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><\/p><p>Edge compute &amp; AI<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/ai-tower\/\">AI tower<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/mec\/\">MEC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/overview\/\">Edge AI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/scientific-compute\/\">Scientific compute<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/physical-ai\/\">Physical AI<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Technologies<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/edge\/edge-tiers-and-multi-access-edge-computing\/\">Edge tiers and multi-access edge computing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/edge\/modular-edge-data-centres-and-the-ai-tower-in-a-box\/\">Modular edge data centres and the AI tower in a box<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ai\/edge-inference-model-serving-and-optimisation\/\">Edge inference, model serving and optimisation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ai\/foundation-models-for-earth-observation-and-geospatial\/\">Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Industries<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/resilience\/\">Civil resilience<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Nature<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/oceans\/\">Oceans<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecom<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/transport\/\">Transport<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Service platforms<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/grid-services\/\">Protocol &amp; Grid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/software\/\">Software<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/\">Hardware &amp; power<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation &amp; GeoAI<\/a><\/li><\/ul> <p>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Legal\"><a href=\"\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a><a href=\"\/privacy-choices\/\">Cookie settings<\/a><a href=\"\/credits\/\">Data credits<\/a><\/nav> <\/footer>\n<\/div><!--\/nxo-ssr--><main>\n<section class=\"story\" id=\"story\" aria-label=\"Interactive edge compute explainer\">\n  <div class=\"stage\" id=\"stage\">\n    <canvas id=\"c\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"3D view of an edge data centre in a 20 ft container with its cameras, uplink, boot chain, fleet and survey drone. Drag or use the arrow keys to orbit.\"><\/canvas>\n    <div class=\"hud\" id=\"hud\"><\/div>\n    <div class=\"loading\" id=\"loading\">Building the site\u2026<\/div>\n    <nav class=\"rail\" id=\"rail\" aria-label=\"Chapters\"><\/nav>\n  <\/div>\n\n  <div class=\"chapters\" id=\"chapters\">\n    <article class=\"ch intro\" data-ch=\"0\" id=\"top\">\n      <div class=\"in\">\n        <div class=\"hrow\"><span class=\"eyebrow\">Edge \u00b7 Explainer<\/span><span class=\"badge\">Interactive<\/span><\/div>\n        <h1>Compute where the data is born.<\/h1>\n        <p class=\"lede\">Instruments flood a site with raw data. A data centre in a 20&nbsp;ft container runs the models beside them and sends only results upstream. Seven decisions, each worked out live.<\/p>\n        <dl class=\"facts\" id=\"facts\"><\/dl>\n        <nav class=\"toc\" id=\"toc\" aria-label=\"Chapters\"><\/nav>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"1\" id=\"raw\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>01<\/b> \u00b7 Raw is heavy<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Bitrate<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Raw video outruns any backhaul.<\/h2>\n      <p>An uncompressed frame is width \u00d7 height \u00d7 bits per pixel; 8-bit 4:2:0 colour costs 12 bits a pixel. Multiply by the frame rate and the cameras on site and the stream dwarfs a satellite or microwave link long before it reaches a region.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"ncam\">Cameras on site<\/label><output id=\"ncamO\" for=\"ncam\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"ncam\" min=\"1\" max=\"24\" step=\"1\" value=\"8\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"resL\">Resolution<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"resL\" id=\"res\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1920x1080\" aria-pressed=\"false\">1080p<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"3840x2160\" aria-pressed=\"true\">4K UHD<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"fpsL\">Frame rate<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"fpsL\" id=\"fps\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"15\" aria-pressed=\"false\">15 fps<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"30\" aria-pressed=\"true\">30 fps<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"60\" aria-pressed=\"false\">60 fps<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Per camera, raw<\/dt><dd id=\"r1c\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Site total, raw<\/dt><dd id=\"r1t\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Per day<\/dt><dd id=\"r1d\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Frames to analyse each second<\/dt><dd id=\"r1f\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"2\" id=\"infer\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>02<\/b> \u00b7 Inference at the edge<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Results<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Ship the answer, not the pixels.<\/h2>\n      <p>The GPU servers in the container&#8217;s racks turn frames into detections. A binary record of class (2 bytes), confidence (4), box (4 \u00d7 4), timestamp (8) and camera (2) is 32 bytes; that, not the frame, is what leaves the site.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"evr\">Detections per camera per second<\/label><output id=\"evrO\" for=\"evr\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"evr\" min=\"1\" max=\"200\" step=\"1\" value=\"20\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"encL\">Record encoding<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"encL\" id=\"enc\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"bin\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Binary \u00b7 32 B<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"json\" aria-pressed=\"false\">JSON<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Record size<\/dt><dd id=\"r2s\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Results upstream<\/dt><dd id=\"r2u\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Reduction against raw<\/dt><dd id=\"r2x\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Results per day<\/dt><dd id=\"r2d\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"3\" id=\"latency\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>03<\/b> \u00b7 Latency budget<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Round trip<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Light in fibre sets the floor.<\/h2>\n      <p>Glass slows light to about c\/1.47, close to 4.9&nbsp;\u00b5s a kilometre. A control loop that must answer within its deadline pays that twice, out and back, before a single switch, queue or model runs. Distance alone can rule a region out.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"dist\">Fibre route to the cloud region<\/label><output id=\"distO\" for=\"dist\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"dist\" min=\"50\" max=\"4000\" step=\"50\" value=\"1200\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"dline\">Loop deadline<\/label><output id=\"dlineO\" for=\"dline\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"dline\" min=\"2\" max=\"100\" step=\"1\" value=\"20\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"tinf\">Inference time<\/label><output id=\"tinfO\" for=\"tinf\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"tinf\" min=\"1\" max=\"40\" step=\"1\" value=\"8\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\" style=\"padding-bottom:4px\"><span class=\"lab\">Round trip against the deadline<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"full bars\" id=\"lbars\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Farthest region that still meets it<\/dt><dd id=\"r3m\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"4\" id=\"store\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>04<\/b> \u00b7 Store and forward<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Outage<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>When the link drops, the site keeps working.<\/h2>\n      <p>Inference never stops for the backhaul. Results queue on local disk in order, and when the link returns the backlog drains at whatever capacity the live stream leaves free: drain time = backlog \u00f7 (link \u2212 live rate).<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"bhL\">Backhaul<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"bhL\" id=\"bh\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"up\" aria-pressed=\"true\">Up<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"cut\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Cut<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"outh\">Outage<\/label><output id=\"outhO\" for=\"outh\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"outh\" min=\"1\" max=\"168\" step=\"1\" value=\"36\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"link\">Link capacity<\/label><output id=\"linkO\" for=\"link\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"link\" min=\"1\" max=\"200\" step=\"1\" value=\"20\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"diskL\">Disk for the queue<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"diskL\" id=\"disk\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0.5\" aria-pressed=\"false\">0.5 TB<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"2\" aria-pressed=\"true\">2 TB<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"8\" aria-pressed=\"false\">8 TB<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Live rate upstream<\/dt><dd id=\"r4l\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Backlog at the end of the outage<\/dt><dd id=\"r4b\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Drain time after restore<\/dt><dd id=\"r4d\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Outage the disk can hold<\/dt><dd id=\"r4a\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"5\" id=\"attest\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>05<\/b> \u00b7 Attestation<\/span><span class=\"tag\">SHA-256<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Prove what booted before trusting what it says.<\/h2>\n      <p>Each boot stage hashes the next before handing over control and extends a platform configuration register: PCR = SHA-256(PCR \u2016 digest). A register can only be extended, never set, so its final value proves the whole chain. A remote verifier compares a signed quote of it with the golden value. Tamper with a stage and watch every later value change.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"tmpL\">Tamper with a stage<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"chk full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"tmpL\" id=\"tamper\"><\/div><\/div>\n      <ul class=\"blist\" id=\"pcrs\"><\/ul>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Verifier<\/dt><dd id=\"r5v\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"6\" id=\"plan\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>06<\/b> \u00b7 Signed plan<\/span><span class=\"tag\">ECDSA P-256<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>A model update is a signed plan, rolled out in waves.<\/h2>\n      <p>The plan names the model by its digest and the waves of the fleet that take it. It is signed with ECDSA over P-256 and SHA-256; every node verifies the signature against a key it already trusts before it fetches a byte. Change one character after signing and no node moves.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"wave\">Share of the fleet in wave 1<\/label><output id=\"waveO\" for=\"wave\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"wave\" min=\"1\" max=\"100\" step=\"1\" value=\"10\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"modL\">Plan in transit<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"modL\" id=\"mod\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"0\" aria-pressed=\"true\">As signed<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"1\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Altered after signing<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <p class=\"hash\" id=\"planTxt\"><\/p>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Signature<\/dt><dd id=\"r6s\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Verification on each node<\/dt><dd id=\"r6v\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Nodes updating now<\/dt><dd id=\"r6n\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"7\" id=\"drone\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>07<\/b> \u00b7 Physical AI<\/span><span class=\"tag\">Survey<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>A drone that flies its own survey.<\/h2>\n      <p>The same box plans and checks a survey flight. Ground sample distance is sensor width \u00d7 altitude \u00f7 (focal length \u00d7 image width); overlap sets the spacing of the lines. In Canada, Part IX of the Canadian Aviation Regulations caps routine flight at 122&nbsp;m above ground.<\/p>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"agl\">Altitude above ground<\/label><output id=\"aglO\" for=\"agl\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"agl\" min=\"30\" max=\"150\" step=\"5\" value=\"100\"><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><span class=\"lab\" id=\"camL\">Camera<\/span><span><\/span><div class=\"seg full\" role=\"group\" aria-labelledby=\"camL\" id=\"cam\"><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"a\" aria-pressed=\"true\">1\u2033 \u00b7 13.2 mm \u00b7 f 8.8 mm<\/button><button type=\"button\" data-v=\"b\" aria-pressed=\"false\">Full frame \u00b7 35.9 mm \u00b7 f 24 mm<\/button><\/div><\/div>\n      <div class=\"ctl\"><label for=\"side\">Side overlap<\/label><output id=\"sideO\" for=\"side\"><\/output><input class=\"full\" type=\"range\" id=\"side\" min=\"50\" max=\"85\" step=\"5\" value=\"70\"><\/div>\n      <dl class=\"ro\">\n        <div><dt>Ground sample distance<\/dt><dd id=\"r7g\" class=\"r\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Footprint per image<\/dt><dd id=\"r7f\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Lines over 600 \u00d7 400 m<\/dt><dd id=\"r7l\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Images at 75 % forward overlap<\/dt><dd id=\"r7i\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Flight at 10 m\/s<\/dt><dd id=\"r7t\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n        <div><dt>Altitude against 122 m<\/dt><dd id=\"r7a\">\u2013<\/dd><\/div>\n      <\/dl>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"8\" id=\"scale\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>08<\/b> \u00b7 Scale<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>From one edge node to a continent of them.<\/h2>\n      <p>The smallest unit is one edge node beside the instruments, with compute, an accelerator and local storage. A site groups a few nodes on shared power and cooling; a cluster pools sites under one orchestrator; a region places clusters near the networks and clouds they feed; the global layer federates regions. The multi-access edge computing framework describes the same split between edge hosts and a management layer above them.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ETSI GS MEC 003, Multi-access Edge Computing: Framework and Reference Architecture<\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"9\" id=\"models\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>09<\/b> \u00b7 Models<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>A model reaches the edge only once evaluated and signed.<\/h2>\n      <p>Training data is versioned, the model is evaluated on held-out data that includes the conditions of the sites where it will run, and only then is it signed and staged. A portable format lets the same model run on different accelerators. The AI risk management framework asks that systems be measured against their intended context before use, and a model that misses its threshold never ships.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nist.gov\/itl\/ai-risk-management-framework\" rel=\"noopener\">NIST AI 100-1, Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0)<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/onnx.ai\/\" rel=\"noopener\">ONNX, Open Neural Network Exchange<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"10\" id=\"operations\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>10<\/b> \u00b7 Operations<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Thousands of small data centres, run as one.<\/h2>\n      <p>Each node declares the workloads it should run, and a controller keeps comparing that desired state with what is actually running, restarting or moving workloads until the two agree. Most faults heal without a visit; only failed hardware sends a technician, with the part already identified. This reconciling pattern, refined over a decade of cluster management, is what lets a small team run a large edge estate.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2898442.2898444\" rel=\"noopener\">Burns et al., \u201cBorg, Omega, and Kubernetes\u201d, ACM Queue, 2016<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/architecture\/controller\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Kubernetes documentation, Controllers<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"11\" id=\"lifecycle\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>11<\/b> \u00b7 Lifecycle<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>Patched, refreshed, then retired with the data erased.<\/h2>\n      <p>Edge hardware lives at the site for years. It is commissioned against an acceptance test, its firmware and operating system are patched on a schedule, and its accelerators are refreshed as models grow. At retirement the storage is sanitised by clearing, purging or destroying the media according to how sensitive the data was, and the record of that step stays with the asset.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n><a href=\"https:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/pubs\/sp\/800\/88\/r1\/final\" rel=\"noopener\">NIST SP 800-88 Rev. 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitization<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n    <article class=\"ch\" data-ch=\"12\" id=\"asks\"><div class=\"card\">\n      <div class=\"hd\"><span class=\"eyebrow\"><b>12<\/b> \u00b7 Buyers\u2019 questions<\/span><\/div>\n      <h2>What to ask of an edge platform.<\/h2>\n      <p>What is processed on site and what leaves it? Where is data stored, and under which jurisdiction? What latency holds at the slowest percentile, not on average? How much power and cooling does each site need, and what happens when the grid fails? Can workloads move to another provider without rewriting them? Edge frameworks that keep the management layer separate from the hosts make the last answer possible.<\/p>\n      <p class=\"cite\"><span>Sources<\/span> <span data-no-i18n>ETSI GS MEC 003, Multi-access Edge Computing: Framework and Reference Architecture; <a href=\"https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/architecture\/controller\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Kubernetes documentation, Controllers<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n    <\/div><\/article>\n  <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/main><noscript><nav class=\"nxo-related\" aria-labelledby=\"nxo-related-h\"><div class=\"w\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Across the network<\/p><h2 id=\"nxo-related-h\">Related on Nexus Observatory<\/h2><div class=\"nxo-related-g\"><section><h3>Edge compute &amp; AI<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/ai-tower\/\">AI tower<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/mec\/\">MEC<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/overview\/\">Edge AI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/scientific-compute\/\">Scientific compute<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/physical-ai\/\">Physical AI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/areas\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI: areas<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/technologies\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI: technologies<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/architecture\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI: architecture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/industries\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI: industries served<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/resources\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI: resources<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Industries served<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/public-safety\/\">Public safety and emergency management<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/resilience\/\">Critical infrastructure and civil resilience<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Forests, land and biodiversity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/oceans\/\">Oceans, coasts and maritime<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy and utilities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/telecom\/\">Telecommunications and digital infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/transport\/\">Transport and logistics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/industry\/\">Manufacturing and industrial sites<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Technology domains<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/edge\/\">Compute and edge<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ai\/\">AI systems<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Related platforms<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation &amp; GeoAI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/software\/\">Software<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/\">Field services<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/#lines\">Positioning, navigation and timing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/\">Digital twins and simulation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/nav><footer class=\"legal\"><div class=\"w\"><div>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/div><div><b>Legal<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy notice<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms of use<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Cookie policy<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/official-languages\/\">Official languages<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/notices\/\">Notices<\/a><\/div><div><b>Company<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/about\/\">About<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/consortium\/\">Open governance<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/footer><\/noscript><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"nxo-config\">{\"base\":\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/99e42e7aa6ec\/\",\"search\":\"\",\"view\":\"x-edge\",\"links\":{\"$comment\":\"Network link map with the industry sites as main-site hubs (docs\/28 option): industry pages under \/industries\/{id}\/, platforms on their subsites. 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