Seven steps of an Earth-observation chain, each worked live: the orbit that sets the revisit, the geometry that sets the resolution, the pass that sets the data volume, the processing levels, a change-detection pass, a drone campaign and the catalogue that serves it. Every number below is computed live from your inputs.
01 · Orbit and revisit
Altitude sets the inclination, the period and the revisit.
A sun-synchronous orbit precesses with the Sun, about 0.9856° a day, so every pass crosses a latitude at the same local time. The Earth’s oblateness supplies the precession, so altitude fixes the inclination: cos i = −2Ω̇a7/2 / (3J₂Re²√μ). Kepler gives the period, T = 2π√(a³/μ). With the swath and the orbits a day, that sets how long the equator takes to cover at nadir.
Sun-synchronous inclination
98.21°
Orbital period
98.9 min
Orbits per day
14.56
Track spacing at the equator
2,759 km
Equator fully covered every
14.9 days
02 · Acquisition geometry
Radar measures range. Optics measure angle.
A synthetic aperture radar looks sideways and resolves the ground by the timing of its echoes, so its ground resolution improves as the incidence angle grows. An optical imager resolves by angle, so its pixels stretch as it points away from nadir. Radar slant-range resolution is c/2B and its ground-range resolution divides that by sin θ; the optical across-track pixel grows as 1/cos²θ.
Sensor
Chirp bandwidth
Slant-range resolution
1.50 m
Ground-range resolution
2.61 m
Slant range to the scene
861 km
03 · Downlink
The elevation mask decides how much data comes down.
A ground station can only work a satellite above its elevation mask: terrain, buildings and the atmosphere set it. The pass is the arc of the orbit above that cone; its length times the link rate is the data volume. The overhead pass is the longest: the Earth central angle λ = arccos(Re cos ε / (Re + h)) − ε sets it, and every pass off the ground track is shorter.
Downlink rate
Longest pass (overhead)
11.7 min
Slant range at the mask
2,574 km
Data per pass
52.5 GB
04 · Processing levels
From raw counts to analysis-ready data.
Level 0 is the instrument’s raw stream. Level 1 is calibrated and located. Level 2 is a physical quantity per pixel, surface reflectance or backscatter, and is analysis-ready when it meets the CEOS ARD requirements. Level 3 composites many acquisitions into one. A scene’s volume is its pixels times bands times bit depth.
Scene width
Steps: 1 · 3 · 10 · 20 · 30 · 60 m
Bands × bit depth
Pixels per band
100.0 M
Raw volume per scene
1.95 GB
As a COG, 2:1 lossless
975.0 MB
05 · GeoAI change detection
A threshold trades missed changes for false alarms.
On the Bow Valley terrain, slope failures are seeded on ground steeper than 32°, and a detector scores every analysis cell (369 × 590 m). Raise the threshold and false alarms fall while misses rise. Red cells are detections; outlined cells are the seeded failures.
Seeded slope failures
66
Detections
78
Precision · recall
68 % · 80 %
F1 score
0.74
06 · Drone campaign
Ground sample distance is a flight plan decision.
For a mapping camera, the ground sample distance is sensor width times altitude over focal length times image width. Altitude and overlap then set the line spacing, the photo count and the time in the air.
Camera class
Ground sample distance
2.74 cm
Line spacing
37.5 m
Photos per km²
1,067
Flight time per km² at 10 m/s
44.4 min
07 · Catalogue and tiles
STAC finds the scene. COG serves only the pixels you ask for.
A SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog describes every scene as an item with assets. A Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF stores overviews and internal tiles, so a client reads a few kilobytes over HTTP range requests instead of the whole file. At zoom z a Web Mercator pixel spans 2πR / (256 · 2z) at the equator.
Map pixel at the equator
38.2 m
Overview read for a 10 m image
Overview 1 (20 m)
Tiles for a 1024 × 768 view
20
Loading the scene…
Earth observation & GeoAI · Explainer
From orbit to a tile you can query.
Seven steps of an Earth-observation chain, each worked live: the orbit that sets the revisit, the geometry that sets the resolution, the pass that sets the data volume, the processing levels, a change-detection pass, a drone campaign and the catalogue that serves it. Every number below is computed live from your inputs.
01 · Orbit and revisit
Altitude sets the inclination, the period and the revisit.
A sun-synchronous orbit precesses with the Sun, about 0.9856° a day, so every pass crosses a latitude at the same local time. The Earth’s oblateness supplies the precession, so altitude fixes the inclination: cos i = −2Ω̇a7/2 / (3J₂Re²√μ). Kepler gives the period, T = 2π√(a³/μ). With the swath and the orbits a day, that sets how long the equator takes to cover at nadir.
Sun-synchronous inclination
–
Orbital period
–
Orbits per day
–
Track spacing at the equator
–
Equator fully covered every
–
02 · Acquisition geometry
Radar measures range. Optics measure angle.
A synthetic aperture radar looks sideways and resolves the ground by the timing of its echoes, so its ground resolution improves as the incidence angle grows. An optical imager resolves by angle, so its pixels stretch as it points away from nadir. Radar slant-range resolution is c/2B and its ground-range resolution divides that by sin θ; the optical across-track pixel grows as 1/cos²θ.
Sensor
Chirp bandwidth
Nadir pixel
Slant-range resolution
–
Ground-range resolution
–
Slant range to the scene
–
03 · Downlink
The elevation mask decides how much data comes down.
A ground station can only work a satellite above its elevation mask: terrain, buildings and the atmosphere set it. The pass is the arc of the orbit above that cone; its length times the link rate is the data volume. The overhead pass is the longest: the Earth central angle λ = arccos(Re cos ε / (Re + h)) − ε sets it, and every pass off the ground track is shorter.
Downlink rate
Longest pass (overhead)
–
Slant range at the mask
–
Data per pass
–
04 · Processing levels
From raw counts to analysis-ready data.
Level 0 is the instrument’s raw stream. Level 1 is calibrated and located. Level 2 is a physical quantity per pixel, surface reflectance or backscatter, and is analysis-ready when it meets the CEOS ARD requirements. Level 3 composites many acquisitions into one. A scene’s volume is its pixels times bands times bit depth.
Scene width
Steps: 1 · 3 · 10 · 20 · 30 · 60 m
Bands × bit depth
Pixels per band
–
Raw volume per scene
–
As a COG, 2:1 lossless
–
05 · GeoAI change detection
A threshold trades missed changes for false alarms.
On the Bow Valley terrain, slope failures are seeded on ground steeper than 32°, and a detector scores every analysis cell (about 370 × 590 m). Raise the threshold and false alarms fall while misses rise. Red cells are detections; outlined cells are the seeded failures.
Seeded slope failures
–
Detections
–
Precision · recall
–
F1 score
–
06 · Drone campaign
Ground sample distance is a flight plan decision.
For a mapping camera, the ground sample distance is sensor width times altitude over focal length times image width. Altitude and overlap then set the line spacing, the photo count and the time in the air.
Camera class
Ground sample distance
–
Line spacing
–
Photos per km²
–
Flight time per km² at 10 m/s
–
07 · Catalogue and tiles
STAC finds the scene. COG serves only the pixels you ask for.
A SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog describes every scene as an item with assets. A Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF stores overviews and internal tiles, so a client reads a few kilobytes over HTTP range requests instead of the whole file. At zoom z a Web Mercator pixel spans 2πR / (256 · 2z) at the equator.
Map pixel at the equator
–
Overview read for a 10 m image
–
Tiles for a 1024 × 768 view
–
PrivacyConfidentialité
Your privacy choicesVos choix de confidentialité
We use only the cookies this site needs to work. With your permission, we also use optional cookies to remember preferences, measure visits and show content from other providers. Nothing optional runs until you choose, and you can change your choice at any time in Privacy choices. Details are in our cookie and storage notice.
Notice at collection: this site uses the cookies it needs to work. Optional cookies, which remember preferences, measure visits and show content from other providers, stay off until you allow them. We do not sell your personal information or share it for cross-context behavioral advertising. You can opt out at any time with Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information or in Privacy choices. Details, including the categories of personal information we collect and how long we keep them, are in our privacy policy and our cookie and storage notice.
Nous n'utilisons que les témoins nécessaires au fonctionnement de ce site. Avec votre permission, nous utilisons aussi des témoins facultatifs pour retenir vos préférences, mesurer la fréquentation et afficher des contenus d'autres fournisseurs. Rien de facultatif ne fonctionne tant que vous n'avez pas choisi, et vous pouvez modifier votre choix en tout temps dans Choix de confidentialité. Les détails figurent dans notre avis sur les témoins et le stockage.
Avis au moment de la collecte : ce site utilise les témoins nécessaires à son fonctionnement. Les témoins facultatifs, qui retiennent vos préférences, mesurent la fréquentation et affichent des contenus d'autres fournisseurs, restent désactivés tant que vous ne les autorisez pas. Nous ne vendons pas vos renseignements personnels et ne les communiquons pas à des fins de publicité comportementale intercontextuelle. Vous pouvez vous y opposer en tout temps au moyen du lien Ne pas vendre ni communiquer mes renseignements personnels ou dans Choix de confidentialité. Les détails, y compris les catégories de renseignements personnels recueillis et leur durée de conservation, figurent dans notre politique de confidentialité et notre avis sur les témoins et le stockage.
Global Privacy Control detected. We have honored it as your request to opt out of the sale and sharing of your personal information and of targeted advertising.Signal Global Privacy Control détecté. Nous l'avons respecté comme une demande d'opposition à la vente et à la communication de vos renseignements personnels ainsi qu'à la publicité ciblée.
We use only the cookies this site needs to work. With your permission, we also use optional cookies to remember preferences, measure visits and show content from other providers. Nothing optional runs until you choose, and you can change your choice at any time in Privacy choices. Details are in our cookie and storage notice.
Notice at collection: this site uses the cookies it needs to work. Optional cookies, which remember preferences, measure visits and show content from other providers, stay off until you allow them. We do not sell your personal information or share it for cross-context behavioral advertising. You can opt out at any time with Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information or in Privacy choices. Details, including the categories of personal information we collect and how long we keep them, are in our privacy policy and our cookie and storage notice.
Nous n'utilisons que les témoins nécessaires au fonctionnement de ce site. Avec votre permission, nous utilisons aussi des témoins facultatifs pour retenir vos préférences, mesurer la fréquentation et afficher des contenus d'autres fournisseurs. Rien de facultatif ne fonctionne tant que vous n'avez pas choisi, et vous pouvez modifier votre choix en tout temps dans Choix de confidentialité. Les détails figurent dans notre avis sur les témoins et le stockage.
Avis au moment de la collecte : ce site utilise les témoins nécessaires à son fonctionnement. Les témoins facultatifs, qui retiennent vos préférences, mesurent la fréquentation et affichent des contenus d'autres fournisseurs, restent désactivés tant que vous ne les autorisez pas. Nous ne vendons pas vos renseignements personnels et ne les communiquons pas à des fins de publicité comportementale intercontextuelle. Vous pouvez vous y opposer en tout temps au moyen du lien Ne pas vendre ni communiquer mes renseignements personnels ou dans Choix de confidentialité. Les détails, y compris les catégories de renseignements personnels recueillis et leur durée de conservation, figurent dans notre politique de confidentialité et notre avis sur les témoins et le stockage.
Global Privacy Control detected. We have honored it as your request to opt out of the sale and sharing of your personal information and of targeted advertising.Signal Global Privacy Control détecté. Nous l'avons respecté comme une demande d'opposition à la vente et à la communication de vos renseignements personnels ainsi qu'à la publicité ciblée.
Your browser sent a Global Privacy Control signal. We treat it as a refusal for the purposes marked below, and those switches stay off.Votre navigateur a envoyé un signal Global Privacy Control. Nous le traitons comme un refus pour les finalités indiquées ci-dessous, et ces interrupteurs restent désactivés.
Strictly necessaryStrictement nécessaires
Always activeToujours actif
Needed for the site to work, to keep you signed in, to protect it from attacks and to remember your privacy choices and the settings you pick. Always on.Nécessaires au fonctionnement du site, pour vous garder connecté, le protéger contre les attaques et retenir vos choix de confidentialité et les réglages que vous choisissez. Toujours actifs.
1 service
Consent preferences
ProviderFournisseur
Nexus Observatory Inc.
RetentionConservation
6 months, or 12 months where an opt-out law applies (cookie); browser session (region); until cleared (receipts)
Remember optional settings beyond the ones you pick yourself. Off until you allow it.Retenir des réglages facultatifs autres que ceux que vous choisissez vous-même. Désactivés tant que vous ne les autorisez pas.
Off
Count visits and see how pages are used, so we can improve the site. Off until you allow it.Compter les visites et voir comment les pages sont utilisées, afin d'améliorer le site. Désactivés tant que vous ne les autorisez pas.
Off
Show videos, maps and live data layers from other providers. They receive your IP address and may set their own cookies. Off until you allow it, or load a single item once.Afficher des vidéos, des cartes et des couches de données en direct d'autres fournisseurs. Ceux-ci reçoivent votre adresse IP et peuvent déposer leurs propres témoins. Désactivés tant que vous ne les autorisez pas, ou chargez un seul élément une fois.
4 services
Site Planner "Plan anywhere" vector basemap and label glyphs (OpenMapTiles schema)
Site Planner "Plan anywhere" elevation (Terrarium) for hillshade, line of sight, profiles and sky view
ProviderFournisseur
Terrain: Mapzen Terrain Tiles (AWS Open Data), incl. SRTM, GMTED, ETOPO1, USGS 3DEP and Canadian DEM data
Hosts contactedHôtes contactés
elevation-tiles-prod.s3.amazonaws.com
Observatory Builder weather layers (GDPS 2 m air temperature, global; radar precipitation rate, Canada) and the 2 m air temperature at the site (WMS GetFeatureInfo) that seeds the synthetic run
ProviderFournisseur
Data Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada
Hosts contactedHôtes contactés
geo.weather.gc.ca
Observatory Builder hazard layer and report (earthquakes of magnitude 2.5 and above in the past 30 days, GeoJSON summary feed)
ProviderFournisseur
Earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey
Hosts contactedHôtes contactés
earthquake.usgs.gov
Off
Measure campaigns and personalise advertising. We use none today. Off until you allow it, and refused when your browser sends Global Privacy Control.Mesurer les campagnes et personnaliser la publicité. Nous n'en utilisons aucun actuellement. Désactivés tant que vous ne les autorisez pas, et refusés lorsque votre navigateur transmet le signal Global Privacy Control.
Nexus Observatory Inc. keeps a record of each choice as proof: a random consent ID, the time, your region and the rules applied, the choices, the notice shown, the page, a shortened IP address, a one-way code of your browser type and, if you are signed in, your account. Records are kept while your choice applies and for 3 years after, then deleted.Nexus Observatory Inc. conserve un registre de chaque choix à titre de preuve : un identifiant de consentement aléatoire, l'heure, votre région et les règles appliquées, les choix, l'avis affiché, la page, une adresse IP abrégée, un code à sens unique du type de navigateur et, si vous êtes connecté, votre compte. Les registres sont conservés tant que votre choix s'applique et pendant 3 ans par la suite, puis supprimés.
Your consent ID (quote it in any privacy request):Votre identifiant de consentement (à indiquer dans toute demande relative à la confidentialité) :