{"id":7,"date":"2026-10-29T00:03:56","date_gmt":"2026-10-29T00:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/digital-twins\/earth-twins\/"},"modified":"2026-10-29T00:03:56","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T00:03:56","slug":"earth-twins","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/observatory.global\/digital-twins\/earth-twins\/","title":{"rendered":"Earth twins"},"content":{"rendered":"<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/kit.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/i18n.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/ins\/ins.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/chrome.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/tpl.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/view-area.css?ver=d0c6e698a0a7\">\n<div class=\"nxo-view\" data-nxo-view=\"area\" data-nxo-bundle=\"d0c6e698a0a7\"><div class=\"nxo-ssr\" data-nxo-snap><header><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a> <nav aria-label=\"Network\"><a href=\"\/\">Main site<\/a><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Protocol<\/a><a href=\"\/spectrum\/\">Spectrum<\/a><\/nav> <a href=\"\/sign-in\/\">Sign in<\/a><a href=\"\/register\/\">Create account<\/a> <nav aria-label=\"Digital twins and simulation\"><a href=\"\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a> <\/nav> <\/header> <main><section><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><p>\/<\/p><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/\">Digital twins and simulation<\/a><p>\/<\/p><b>Earth twins<\/b> <h1>Terrain, hydrology and atmosphere, on live observations.<\/h1> <p>Earth twins, inside Digital twins and simulation: city and site models, 3D Tiles and scene layers, BIM and asset information, photogrammetry and reality capture and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from OGC CityGML 3.0 Conceptual Model to OGC 3D Tiles 1.1 (Community Standard), and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.<\/p> <a href=\"\/contact\/\">Plan with us<\/a><span>Architecture<\/span><a href=\"\/protocol\/specification\/\">The protocol<\/a> <dl><dt>Technologies<\/dt><dd>9<\/dd> <dt>At the frontier<\/dt><dd>2<\/dd> <dt>Protocol functions<\/dt><dd>3 of 8<\/dd> <dt>Industries served<\/dt><dd>9<\/dd> <\/dl> <p>Reference design, drawn to scale \u00b7 drag to turn \u00b7 hover a part<\/p> <\/section> <section><p><b>01<\/b>What it is<\/p> <h2>3D, BIM and digital twins.<\/h2><p>The reference frames, formats, services, analysis methods, machine learning and 3D models that turn observations into located, queryable and decision-ready geographic information. AI from model to accountable operation: edge inference and model optimisation, foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial work, time-series and sensor AI, multimodal fusion and supervised agentic operations, federated and privacy-preserving learning, physical AI and robotics within stated red lines, MLOps, evaluation and model risk, and the governance frameworks that apply to each. Each technology below carries what it is, what we do with it, and the standard it is drawn against.<\/p> <article><p>GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>City and site models<\/h3><p>Semantic 3D models of buildings, terrain and infrastructure at defined levels of detail.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>OGC CityGML 3.0 Conceptual Model<\/p><\/article><article><p>GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>3D Tiles and scene layers<\/h3><p>Streaming of massive meshes, point clouds and models into web and desktop viewers.<\/p><p>We design, integrate and operate.<\/p><p>OGC 3D Tiles 1.1 (Community Standard) \u00b7 OGC Indexed 3D Scene Layer (I3S) Community Standard<\/p><\/article><article><p>GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>BIM and asset information<\/h3><p>Building and infrastructure models and information management through design, build and operation.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>ISO 16739-1 (IFC) \u00b7 ISO 19650-1 (information management using BIM)<\/p><\/article><article><p>GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>Photogrammetry and reality capture<\/h3><p>Meshes, orthomosaics and point clouds reconstructed from drone and ground imagery.<\/p><p>We design, integrate, deploy and operate.<\/p><p>ASPRS Positional Accuracy Standards for Digital Geospatial Data (Edition 2)<\/p><\/article><article><p>GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>Indoor and underground models<\/h3><p>Indoor spaces and subsurface utilities for shelters, plant rooms and tunnels.<\/p><p>We integrate.<\/p><p>OGC IndoorGML \u00b7 OGC Model for Underground Data Definition and Integration (MUDDI)<\/p><\/article><article><p>GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>Digital twin frameworks<\/h3><p>Linking a model to its physical counterpart with defined fidelity, update rate and purpose.<\/p><p>We design, integrate and operate.<\/p><p>ISO\/IEC 30173:2023 \u00b7 ISO 23247-1 (digital twin framework for manufacturing)<\/p><\/article><article><p><b>Frontier<\/b> \u00b7 GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>Sensor-fused live twins<\/h3><p>Twins updated continuously from sensors, cameras and EO, with provenance on every change.<\/p><p>We design, integrate and operate.<\/p><p>OGC SensorThings API 1.1 \u00b7 OGC API &#8211; Connected Systems<\/p><\/article><article><p><b>Frontier<\/b> \u00b7 GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/p><h3>Geospatial augmented reality<\/h3><p>Overlaying the twin on the real site for crews through located and oriented devices.<\/p><p>We design and integrate.<\/p><p>OGC GeoPose 1.0<\/p><\/article><article><p>AI systems<\/p><h3>EO foundation models<\/h3><p>Large pretrained models over optical, SAR and multi-temporal imagery, fine-tuned for many downstream tasks.<\/p><p>We design, integrate and operate.<\/p><p>OGC Training Data Markup Language for AI (TrainingDML-AI) \u00b7 CEOS Analysis Ready Data framework<\/p><\/article> <\/section> <section><p><b>02<\/b>Architecture<\/p> <h2>Where it sits, and what it speaks.<\/h2> <p>Earth twins draws on 3 domains and 24 layers of the spectrum; the highlighted layers carry this area. It speaks 3 of the protocol&#8217;s 8 core functions.<\/p> <p>Reference systems and geodesy<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>Vector, raster and array formats<\/p><p>10<\/p> <p>Tiling, maps and visual services<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>APIs, catalogues and discrete global grids<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Spatial analysis and siting<\/p><p>10<\/p> <p>GeoAI<\/p><p>10<\/p> <p>3D, BIM and digital twins<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Metadata, quality and publication<\/p><p>5<\/p> <p>Platforms and orbits<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Optical, spectral and thermal sensors<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Radar, lidar and microwave sensors<\/p><p>10<\/p> <p>Processing levels and analysis-ready data<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Calibration and validation<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>Tasking, ground segment and access<\/p><p>9<\/p> <p>Data cubes, analysis and archives<\/p><p>7<\/p> <p>Frontier and research<\/p><p>8<\/p> <p>01<b>Join<\/b>Identity, attestation quote, signed policy.<\/p><p>02<b>Admit<\/b>Admitted for a stated scope, nothing wider.<\/p><p>03<b>Describe<\/b>What, where, how and by whom, with calibration.<\/p><p>04<b>Time<\/b>One clock across the grid, with its error bound.<\/p><p>05<b>Observe<\/b>Every value with quality and provenance.<\/p><p>06<b>Qualify<\/b>Tested against the specification, state on record.<\/p><p>07<b>Federate<\/b>Signed exchange across grids and trust domains.<\/p><p>08<b>Orchestrate<\/b>Software and configuration by signed plan.<\/p> <\/section> <section><p><b>03<\/b>On the grid<\/p> <h2>The ground, measured before it is modelled.<\/h2><p>Real elevation, line of sight, an orbit swath and a GeoAI pass, each an interactive explainer on open terrain data with its source shown.<\/p> <a href=\"\/earth\/#viewshed\"><h3>Line of sight<\/h3>A 30 m mast against the terrain.<\/a><a href=\"\/earth\/#elevation\"><h3>Relief<\/h3>Terrarium-encoded DEM, contours by marching squares.<\/a><a href=\"\/earth\/#hillshade\"><h3>Hillshade and slope<\/h3>One gradient, a sun you can move.<\/a><a href=\"\/earth\/#grid\"><h3>Geodesic grid<\/h3>Stations counted into 10,242 cells.<\/a> <\/section> <section><p><b>04<\/b>In the field<\/p> <h2>Where this runs, sector by sector.<\/h2> <p>1 deployment scenarios from the sector research that rely on earth twins.<\/p> <a href=\"\/sectors\/agriculture\/\">Agriculture <h3>Farm or cooperative agromet network with crop models<\/h3>Compact stations and soil probes feeding irrigation, disease and frost models.<\/a> <\/section> <section><p><b>05<\/b>Open and enterprise<\/p> <h2>Open by default. Enterprise by contract.<\/h2> <p>The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.<\/p> <p>Open, on the main site<\/p><ul><li>Simulation methods with worked examples<\/li><li>Open terrain and grid layers<\/li><\/ul><p>Enterprise, on this site<\/p><ul><li>Drone survey and 3D site twins<\/li><li>Network planning studies<\/li><li>Scenario studies<\/li><\/ul> <\/section> <section><p><b>06<\/b>The rest of the line<\/p> <h2>Digital twins and simulation, area by area.<\/h2> <a href=\"\/digital-twins\/site-twins\/\">Digital twins and simulation <h3>Site twins<\/h3>The site in 3D, measured to scale.<\/a><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/network-twins\/\">Digital twins and simulation <h3>Network twins<\/h3>Coverage, capacity, power and timing, simulated.<\/a><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/scenario-simulation\/\">Digital twins and simulation <h3>Scenario simulation<\/h3>Floods, heat, load and failure, run before they happen.<\/a><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/planning\/\">Digital twins and simulation <h3>Planning<\/h3>From the twin to a plan you can tender.<\/a> <\/section> <section><h2>Bring us the site.<\/h2><p>Survey, design, deployment and operation for earth twins. The form names who receives your details.<\/p> <a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><a href=\"mailto:contact@observatory.global?subject=Digital%20twins%20and%20simulation%3A%20Earth%20twins\">contact@observatory.global<\/a> <\/section> <\/main> <footer><p><a href=\"\/\">Nexus Observatory<\/a><b>Digital twins and simulation<\/b>. Model the site before you build it.<a href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><\/p><p>Digital twins and simulation<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/site-twins\/\">Site twins<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/network-twins\/\">Network twins<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/earth-twins\/\">Earth twins<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/scenario-simulation\/\">Scenario simulation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/planning\/\">Planning<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Technologies<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/gis\/reference-systems-and-geodesy\/\">Reference systems and geodesy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/gis\/vector-raster-and-array-formats\/\">Vector, raster and array formats<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/eo\/platforms-and-orbits\/\">Platforms and orbits<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/eo\/optical-spectral-and-thermal-sensors\/\">Optical, spectral and thermal sensors<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ai\/edge-inference-model-serving-and-optimisation\/\">Edge inference, model serving and optimisation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ai\/foundation-models-for-earth-observation-and-geospatial\/\">Foundation models for Earth observation and geospatial<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Industries<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/cities\/\">Cities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/water\/\">Water<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Nature<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/agriculture\/\">Agriculture<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/infrastructure\/\">Infrastructure<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/mining\/\">Mining<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Service platforms<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/grid-services\/\">Protocol &amp; Grid<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/software\/\">Software<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/hardware\/\">Hardware &amp; power<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><\/ul> <p>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/p><nav aria-label=\"Legal\"><a href=\"\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms<\/a><a href=\"\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a><a href=\"\/privacy-choices\/\">Cookie settings<\/a><a href=\"\/credits\/\">Data credits<\/a><\/nav> <\/footer>\n<\/div><!--\/nxo-ssr--><main id=\"main\">\n<section class=\"th tsub\" id=\"hero\">\n  <div class=\"w\"><div class=\"copy\">\n    <div class=\"crumb\" id=\"crumb\"><\/div>\n    <h1 id=\"h1\">Terrain, hydrology and atmosphere, on live observations.<\/h1>\n    <p class=\"lede\" id=\"lede\">Earth twins, inside Digital twins and simulation: city and site models, 3D Tiles and scene layers, BIM and asset information, photogrammetry and reality capture and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from OGC CityGML 3.0 Conceptual Model to OGC 3D Tiles 1.1 (Community Standard), and runs on the open Observatory Protocol.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cta\" id=\"cta\"><\/div>\n    <dl class=\"facts\" id=\"facts\"><\/dl>\n  <\/div><\/div>\n  <p class=\"cap\" id=\"cap\"><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"what\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>01<\/b><i><\/i>What it is<\/div>\n  <h2 id=\"wh\"><\/h2><p class=\"sub\" id=\"ws\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"g3\" id=\"items\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"arch\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>02<\/b><i><\/i>Architecture<\/div>\n  <h2>Where it sits, and what it speaks.<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"sub\" id=\"as\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"lay\"><div class=\"stack\" id=\"stack\" aria-label=\"Layers\"><\/div><div><div class=\"fnrow\" id=\"fns\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"grid\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>03<\/b><i><\/i>On the grid<\/div>\n  <h2 id=\"gh\"><\/h2><p class=\"sub\" id=\"gs\"><\/p>\n  <div id=\"gv\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"sectors\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>04<\/b><i><\/i>In the field<\/div>\n  <h2>Where this runs, sector by sector.<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"sub\" id=\"ss\"><\/p>\n  <div class=\"g3\" id=\"scn\"><\/div>\n  <div id=\"nsw\" hidden><h3 class=\"nsh\" style=\"margin-top:32px\">Network scenes, computed in the place.<\/h3><p class=\"sub\" id=\"nss\"><\/p><div class=\"g3\" id=\"nsc\"><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"open\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>05<\/b><i><\/i>Open and enterprise<\/div>\n  <h2>Open by default. Enterprise by contract.<\/h2>\n  <p class=\"sub\">The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract.<\/p>\n  <div class=\"two\"><div><span class=\"eyebrow\">Open, on the main site<\/span><ul id=\"op\"><\/ul><\/div><div><span class=\"eyebrow\">Enterprise, on this site<\/span><ul id=\"en\"><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"more\"><div class=\"w\">\n  <div class=\"ch-n\"><b>06<\/b><i><\/i>The rest of the line<\/div>\n  <h2 id=\"mh\"><\/h2>\n  <div class=\"g3\" id=\"sib\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<section class=\"s\" id=\"contact\" style=\"border-bottom:0\"><div class=\"w\"><div class=\"contact\"><div><h2>Bring us the site.<\/h2><p id=\"sell\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"cta\"><a class=\"btn\" data-variant=\"primary\" data-size=\"lg\" href=\"\/contact\/\">Talk to us<\/a><a class=\"btn\" data-variant=\"secondary\" data-size=\"lg\" id=\"mail\"><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n<\/main><noscript><nav class=\"nxo-related\" aria-labelledby=\"nxo-related-h\"><div class=\"w\"><p class=\"eyebrow\">Across the network<\/p><h2 id=\"nxo-related-h\">Related on Nexus Observatory<\/h2><div class=\"nxo-related-g\"><section><h3>Digital twins and simulation<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/\">Digital twins and simulation overview<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/site-twins\/\">Site twins<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/network-twins\/\">Network twins<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/scenario-simulation\/\">Scenario simulation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/digital-twins\/planning\/\">Planning<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Industries served<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/industries\/cities\/\">Cities and urban systems<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/water\/\">Water and hydrology<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/nature\/\">Forests, land and biodiversity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/agriculture\/\">Agriculture and food<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/energy\/\">Energy and utilities<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/infrastructure\/\">Construction and infrastructure assets<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/mining\/\">Mining and resources<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/research\/\">Science and research<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/industries\/insurance\/\">Insurance and finance<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Technology domains<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/gis\/\">GIS, maps and GeoAI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/eo\/\">Remote sensing and Earth observation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/technologies\/ai\/\">AI systems<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><section><h3>Related platforms<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"\/protocol\/\">Observatory Protocol<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/earth-observation\/\">Earth observation &amp; GeoAI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/sensors\/\">Sensors &amp; instruments<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/connectivity\/\">Connectivity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/field-services\/\">Field services<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/data-products\/\">Data &amp; licensing<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/space\/\">Space and satellite systems<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/edge-ai\/\">Edge compute &amp; AI<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"\/labs\/\">Frontier labs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/nav><footer class=\"legal\"><div class=\"w\"><div>\u00a9 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc.<\/div><div><b>Legal<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/privacy\/\">Privacy notice<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/terms\/\">Terms of use<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/cookies\/\">Cookie policy<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/legal\/accessibility\/\">Accessibility<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/official-languages\/\">Official languages<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/notices\/\">Notices<\/a><\/div><div><b>Company<\/b><br><a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/about\/\">About<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/consortium\/\">Stewardship<\/a> \u00b7 <a href=\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/footer><\/noscript><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/json\" id=\"nxo-config\">{\"base\":\"https:\/\/observatory.global\/wp-content\/plugins\/nexus-observatory-pages\/assets\/bundle\/d0c6e698a0a7\/\",\"search\":\"?l=digital-twins\\u0026r=earth-twins\",\"view\":\"area\",\"links\":{\"$comment\":\"Network link map with the industry sites as main-site hubs (docs\/28 option): industry pages under \/industries\/{id}\/, platforms on their subsites. 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