--- title: "Spectrum: Connectivity | Nexus Observatory" description: "Spectrum, inside Connectivity: exclusive licensed spectrum, tiered shared access (CBRS-type), local and light licensing, licence-exempt bands and more." url: https://observatory.global/connectivity/spectrum/ publisher: Nexus Observatory Inc. updated: 2026-10-27 --- [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/) / [Connectivity](https://observatory.global/connectivity/) / **Spectrum** # Bands, licences and routes, by country. Spectrum, inside Connectivity: exclusive licensed spectrum, tiered shared access (CBRS-type), local and light licensing, licence-exempt bands and more. Every item is traced to its specification, from ITU RR Art. 5 (table of frequency allocations) to Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (ISED), and runs on the open Observatory Protocol. [Plan with us](https://observatory.global/contact/) Architecture [The protocol](https://observatory.global/protocol/specification/) **Technologies**: 9 **At the frontier**: 0 **Protocol functions**: 3 of 8 **Industries served**: 21 Reference design, drawn to scale · drag to turn · hover a part **01** What it is ## Spectrum regimes and access. The shared foundations every network and sensor depends on: how spectrum is licensed, shared and monitored, GNSS positioning and its corrections, packet timing with PTP and SyncE, grandmasters and holdover, resilient PNT alternatives, and the detection of interference, jamming and spoofing. The radio access network from site to spectrum: macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters, massive MIMO, NR bands and TDD synchronisation, NR features such as RedCap, positioning and sidelink, private and shared networks, Wi-Fi coexistence, 6G and ISAC, and the planning and assurance that keep it working. Each technology below carries what it is, what we do with it, and the standard it is drawn against. Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Exclusive licensed spectrum Auctioned or assigned spectrum licences with defined areas, terms and conditions, used for public mobile networks. We design and support. ITU RR Art. 5 (table of frequency allocations) · Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations (ISED) Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Tiered shared access (CBRS-type) Spectrum shared between incumbents, priority licensees and general users under a spectrum access system. We design, deploy and operate. FCC 47 CFR Part 96 · WINNF-TS-0112 (CBRS operational and functional requirements) Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Local and light licensing Low-cost, area-limited licences that let enterprises, communities and Indigenous and rural operators run their own networks. We design and support. ISED non-competitive local licensing framework (3900–3980 MHz, 26/28/38 GHz) · ISED CPC-2-1-31 (NCL licence application procedures) Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Licence-exempt bands 2.4, 5 and 6 GHz and other bands used by Wi-Fi, short-range devices and IoT under equipment rules. We design and deploy. ISED RSS-247 (DTS and FHSS) · ISED RSS-248 (6 GHz RLAN) · ETSI EN 300 328 (2.4 GHz) Spectrum, timing and PNT ### TV white space and database-controlled access Opportunistic use of unused broadcast channels for rural broadband and long-range links. We design and deploy. ISED RSS-222 (white space devices) · IEEE 802.22 Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Spectrum for fixed links Licensed point-to-point bands and channel plans for microwave and E-band backhaul. We design and support. Rec. ITU-R F.746 · ISED Standard Radio System Plans (SRSP) Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Spectrum for satellite services FSS, MSS and EESS allocations and the filings that protect satellite use. We design and support. ITU RR Art. 5, Art. 9 and Art. 11 Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Spectrum for science and passive sensing Bands protected for radio astronomy and passive Earth sensing that networks must avoid polluting. We design and support. Rec. ITU-R RA.769 · ITU RR Art. 5 (footnote 5.340 passive bands) Spectrum, timing and PNT ### Spectrum leasing and subordination Secondary-market arrangements that let a licensee make spectrum available to another user locally. We support. ISED spectrum licence transfer, divisions and subordinate licensing framework **02** Architecture ## Where it sits, and what it speaks. Spectrum draws on 7 domains and 55 layers of the spectrum; the highlighted layers carry this area. It speaks 3 of the protocol's 8 core functions. Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters 9 Massive MIMO and beamforming 7 NR bands, duplexing and synchronisation 9 NR features: RedCap, positioning, sidelink and verticals 9 Private networks and RAN sharing 7 Wi-Fi coexistence and convergence 8 6G and integrated sensing and communication 7 RAN planning, optimisation and assurance 6 O-RAN architecture and open interfaces 7 Fronthaul (7.2x split) and transport 8 RAN intelligent controllers, xApps and rApps 8 SMO, O-Cloud and accelerated L1 8 AI-RAN: shared accelerated infrastructure 7 AI/ML in the air interface and network management 8 Energy saving and efficiency 6 Testing, integration and security 8 01**Join** Identity, attestation quote, signed policy. 02**Admit** Admitted for a stated scope, nothing wider. 03**Describe** What, where, how and by whom, with calibration. 04**Time** One clock across the grid, with its error bound. 05**Observe** Every value with quality and provenance. 06**Qualify** Tested against the specification, state on record. 07**Federate** Signed exchange across grids and trust domains. 08**Orchestrate** Software and configuration by signed plan. **03** On the grid ## Every site joins one observing grid. The open networks on the grid today, over real relief and the geodesic cells we count them into. A site built here enrols into the same grid. **04** In the field ## Where this runs, sector by sector. 6 deployment scenarios from the sector research that rely on spectrum. [Communities and rural Indigenous-owned community cellularUnused 800 MHz and 1900 MHz spectrum through an access-licensing framework with a priority window for Indigenous applicants.](https://observatory.global/sectors/communities/) [Government and public safety Alerting integration with the Common Alerting Protocol and cell broadcastSoftware-heavy: sensor triggers feed an alert origination tool; the alert authority keeps every decision.](https://observatory.global/sectors/public-safety/) [Government and public safety Deployable communications and sensing for incident commandA cell on wheels with satellite backhaul, mesh telemetry and environment nodes at the incident base.](https://observatory.global/sectors/public-safety/) [Cities Municipal low-power radio or private 5G layerA city-wide connectivity layer as digital public infrastructure.](https://observatory.global/sectors/cities/) [Communities and rural Last-mile fixed wireless with community anchor sensingSub-grantee partnerships where observatory nodes co-host at schools, clinics and fire halls.](https://observatory.global/sectors/communities/) [Communities and rural Rural and cross-border 5G corridors and smart communitiesCo-funded cross-border sections under European digital infrastructure calls.](https://observatory.global/sectors/communities/) **05** Open and enterprise ## Open by default. Enterprise by contract. The open counterpart lives on the main site for anyone to read and run. The enterprise service is designed, deployed and operated with you, under contract. Open, on the main site - Band tables and sources - Country guides - Coverage methods Enterprise, on this site - Private Wireless as a Service - AI-RAN deployment - Spectrum route support **06** The rest of the line ## Connectivity, area by area. [Connectivity Private 5GStandalone NPN: your core, your SIMs, your site.](https://observatory.global/connectivity/private-5g/) [Connectivity AI-RANRAN and inference on the same accelerators.](https://observatory.global/connectivity/ai-ran/) [Connectivity O-RANOpen fronthaul and RIC, many suppliers.](https://observatory.global/connectivity/o-ran/) [Connectivity Satellite and NTNLEO, GEO and 3GPP direct-to-device.](https://observatory.global/connectivity/satellite-and-ntn/) [Connectivity LPWAN and meshBattery sensors over kilometres.](https://observatory.global/connectivity/lpwan-and-mesh/) [Connectivity TimingPTP to G.8275.1, GNSS with holdover.](https://observatory.global/connectivity/timing/) ## Bring us the site. Survey, design, deployment and operation for spectrum. The form names who receives your details. [Talk to us](https://observatory.global/contact/) [contact@observatory.global](mailto:contact@observatory.global?subject=Connectivity%3A%20Spectrum) [Nexus Observatory](https://observatory.global/)**Connectivity** . Private 5G, AI-RAN and orbit, on site.[Talk to us](https://observatory.global/contact/) Connectivity - [Private 5G](https://observatory.global/connectivity/private-5g/) - [AI-RAN](https://observatory.global/connectivity/ai-ran/) - [O-RAN](https://observatory.global/connectivity/o-ran/) - [Satellite and NTN](https://observatory.global/connectivity/satellite-and-ntn/) - [LPWAN and mesh](https://observatory.global/connectivity/lpwan-and-mesh/) - [Timing](https://observatory.global/connectivity/timing/) - [Spectrum](https://observatory.global/connectivity/spectrum/) Technologies - [Macro, small cells, DAS and repeaters](https://observatory.global/technologies/ran/macro-small-cells-das-and-repeaters/) - [Massive MIMO and beamforming](https://observatory.global/technologies/ran/massive-mimo-and-beamforming/) - [O-RAN architecture and open interfaces](https://observatory.global/technologies/airan/o-ran-architecture-and-open-interfaces/) - [Fronthaul (7.2x split) and transport](https://observatory.global/technologies/airan/fronthaul-7-2x-split-and-transport/) - [5G core functions](https://observatory.global/technologies/core/5g-core-functions/) - [Network slicing, edge UPF and local breakout](https://observatory.global/technologies/core/network-slicing-edge-upf-and-local-breakout/) - [Orbits and constellations](https://observatory.global/technologies/satellite/orbits-and-constellations/) Industries - [Public safety](https://observatory.global/sectors/public-safety/) - [Government](https://observatory.global/industries/) - [Cities](https://observatory.global/sectors/cities/) - [Civil resilience](https://observatory.global/industries/) - [Communities](https://observatory.global/sectors/communities/) - [Humanitarian](https://observatory.global/sectors/humanitarian/) - [Climate](https://observatory.global/industries/) Service platforms - [Observatory Protocol](https://observatory.global/protocol/) - [Protocol & Grid](https://observatory.global/grid-services/) - [Software](https://observatory.global/software/) - [Hardware & power](https://observatory.global/hardware/) - [Sensors & instruments](https://observatory.global/sensors/) - [Edge compute & AI](https://observatory.global/edge-ai/) - [Earth observation & GeoAI](https://observatory.global/earth-observation/) © 2026 Nexus Observatory Inc. 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