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Environment and climate. Flux tower; Smoke network; Methane fenceline; River sonde reach; Acoustic grid
Environment and climate · Sector explainer
Explainer
Methane at the fenceline, carbon over the canopy, sound in the forest, chemistry in the river, smoke over the town. Each chapter puts one deployment on the stage, lets you change the input that drives the design, and computes what changes.
01 · Methane fenceline
Dispersion
A production pad inside its fenceline. Continuous methane sensors sit on the fence at a fixed spacing; the wind decides which of them sees a release from the separator. Turn the wind and change the spacing: the plume width at the fence is computed from a Gaussian dispersion width, and the red count is the sensors that sit inside it.
Plume width from the Briggs open-country spread for neutral air, σy = 0.08x(1 + 0.0001x)^−0.5 at x metres downwind; ±2.15σy holds the plume to a tenth of its centreline concentration.
02 · Acoustic biodiversity
Computed
Autonomous recorders on a square grid inside a one-square-kilometre forest plot. Each records what it can hear within an effective detection radius, set by the species call, the vegetation and the background noise. Change the spacing and the radius: the share of the plot inside at least one radius is computed on a 200 × 200 sample grid.
Coverage counted on a 5 m lattice across the 100 ha plot. Detection radius is set in the field with playback at known distances, per species group and habitat.
03 · Flux tower
Computed
An eddy-covariance tower above a forest canopy: a sonic anemometer and a gas analyser at the top, sampling ten or twenty times a second. The flux it reports comes from a footprint upwind, and that footprint grows with the height above the canopy. Change the canopy and the measurement height to see the footprint move.
Displacement height d ≈ 0.67 × canopy height; in neutral air the footprint peaks 5–10 (z − d) upwind and most of the flux comes from within about 100 (z − d). Site design runs a footprint model such as Kljun et al. (2015) on measured turbulence.
04 · River sonde
Computed
A water-quality sonde in a cage at the bank of a gauged reach: turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and pH, sent by telemetry. Its readings mean more alongside flow, and flow comes from the stage through the station’s rating curve. Raise the stage to see the water rise and the discharge follow the curve.
Rating curve Q = 18(h − 0.2)^1.6 on a trapezoidal reach, 20 m bed, side slopes 2:1. Each station fits its own curve from measured discharges.
05 · Smoke network
Computed
Low-cost particulate sensors on poles across a town, corrected against a reference station. During a wildfire the network reports fine particulate matter, and the public reads it as an air quality index. Move the 24-hour PM2.5 concentration to see the index, the category and the smoke layer the scene draws for it.
US EPA index for 24-hour PM2.5 with the 2024 breakpoints, interpolated linearly inside each band. Optical sensors are corrected for humidity against a reference monitor before they report.
06 · Proof
Computed
What a regulator or a verifier asks to see, from the sector research. It starts with uncertainty. Sensors co-located with a reference instrument average down their random error; a shared bias does not average away, which is why calibration is a record, not a promise.
Independent random error averages as σ/√n; a bias shared by every sensor stays and adds in quadrature. Expanded uncertainty with coverage factor k = 2, as in JCGM 100:2008.
Survey, design, deployment and operation of environmental observing networks: methods on the record, uncertainty stated, data that reconciles at the highest reporting level.
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