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StoriesHorizon 2030: Overview

What changes by 2030

Six shifts will reshape how the Earth is observed before the decade ends: networks that sense, models that forecast, foundation models that read imagery, drones that fly beyond sight, time that resists jamming and cryptography that resists quantum computers. Each has a date set by a standard, a regulator or a programme.

Systems
6G and sensing, AI for Earth, Drones, Resilient PNT, Post-quantum cryptography
Toward 2030
2030
Figures
3, timeline to 2030, comparison, systems diagram

Go to the references

01Timeline to 2030

Six threads on one timeline.

Each lane is one shift; each mark is a published document or a stated target. Select a milestone to read what it fixes. The dashed line is today.

Figure as text: Six shifts toward 2030

A five-lane timeline from 2022 to 2030 with milestones in radio, AI for Earth, airspace, timing and cryptography.

  1. 2023-10 Geospatial foundation models. Models pre-trained on satellite imagery and fine-tuned for many tasks.5
  2. 2023-11 IMT-2030 framework (ITU-R M.2160). Integrated sensing and communication named as a 6G usage scenario.1
  3. 2023-11 Learned medium-range forecasts. A graph neural network forecast published with skill comparable to physics-based systems on many targets.3
  4. 2024-08 Post-quantum standards (FIPS 203, 204, 205). Key encapsulation and signatures standardised.8
  5. 2025-02 AI forecasts in operations. A data-driven global forecast runs operationally beside the physics model.4
  6. 2025-07 Authenticated navigation signals. Galileo navigation message authentication declared operational.7
  7. 2025-11 Beyond-line-of-sight rules in force. Canada’s rules for lower-risk operations beyond visual line of sight.6
  8. 2029 First 6G specifications planned. Release 21 in 3GPP’s published timeline.2
  9. 2030 Quantum-vulnerable algorithms deprecated. Proposed deprecation of 112-bit RSA and elliptic-curve security after 2030.9

02Comparison

One site, then and later.

On the left, a site as most are built today: a cell, sensors and a backhaul. On the right, the same site with the shifts applied: the cell also senses its surroundings, a satellite terminal makes the backhaul independent of the ground, and the edge runs the models. Move the divider.

Figure as text: A site today and the same site toward 2030

A split view of a valley-floor site: on the left a cell tower, weather station and edge; on the right the same with a sensing radar, a satellite terminal and live links.

Today
A cell, a weather station and an edge node on a terrestrial backhaul.
Toward 2030
The cell senses as well as connects; a satellite terminal adds an independent path; the edge runs the models.

03Systems diagram

The architecture they add up to.

Put together, the shifts change the shape of an observing network: the radio becomes a sensor, the edge is where a model runs first, time comes from more than one source, and every signature is replaceable. The diagram shows that architecture; take out the satellite navigation to see what resilient timing buys.

Figure as text: An observing network toward 2030

A four-tier diagram: sensors and a sensing radio, access including satellite, edge inference with resilient time, and federated services.

  • Sensing: Sensing radio, Sensors, Drone
  • Access: Terrestrial, Satellite
  • Edge, time, keys: Edge models, Resilient time
  • Federation: Federated services

8 links. Scenarios: All paths up; Terrestrial backhaul lost.

2022

2023

2024

2025

2026

2027

2028

2029

2030

Today

Radio

AI for Earth

Airspace

Timing

Cryptography

Feb 2025 · AI for Earth

AI forecasts in operations

A data-driven global forecast runs operationally beside the physics model.4

Figure 1

Timeline to 2030

Figure 1. Six shifts toward 2030. A five-lane timeline from 2022 to 2030 with milestones in radio, AI for Earth, airspace, timing and cryptography.

References

  1. Recommendation ITU-R M.2160-0: Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT for 2030 and beyond. International Telecommunication Union, Radiocommunication Sector, 2023.
  2. Releases: the timeline of 3GPP Releases 17 to 21. 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 2025.
  3. Learning skillful medium-range global weather forecasting. Lam, R. et al., Science 382(6677):1416–1421, 2023.
  4. ECMWF’s AI forecasts become operational. European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 2025.
  5. Foundation models for generalist geospatial artificial intelligence. Jakubik, J. et al., arXiv:2310.18660, 2023.
  6. Regulations amending the Canadian Aviation Regulations (remotely piloted aircraft systems, beyond visual line-of-sight and other operations). Transport Canada, Canada Gazette Part II, 2025.
  7. Galileo Open Service Navigation Message Authentication (OSNMA): service declaration. European Union Agency for the Space Programme, 2025.
  8. FIPS 203: Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024.
  9. NIST IR 8547 (initial public draft): Transition to post-quantum cryptography standards. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2024.

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Where this applies

Observatory ProtocolConnectivityEarth observation & GeoAISecurity and trustPositioning, navigation and timingTraining and enablementTelecomClimateGovernmentResearchEducationField tour: mountain valleyField tour: orbit view